Original Zhang Zhiping Greenhouse Horticulture Engineering Technology 2022-08-26 17:20 Buga a Beijing

Kasar Sin ta tsara wani shiri na rigakafi da sarrafa koren kore da rashin girmar magungunan kashe kwari, kuma an inganta da amfani da sabbin fasahohin da ake amfani da su ta hanyar amfani da phototaxi na kwari don dakile kwari da kwari.

Ka'idodin fasahar sarrafa kwaro na bakan gizo

Kula da kwari ta hanyar dabarun duban gani yana dogara ne akan halayen ilimin lissafi na aji na kwari.Yawancin kwari suna da kewayon tsayin raƙuman gani na gama-gari, ɓangaren ɗaya yana maida hankali ne a cikin rukunin UVA marar ganuwa, ɗayan kuma yana cikin ɓangaren haske mai gani.A cikin ɓangaren da ba a iya gani, saboda yana waje da kewayon hasken da ake iya gani da kuma photosynthesis, yana nufin cewa sa baki na bincike a cikin wannan ɓangaren bandeji ba zai yi wani tasiri ga aiki da shuka photosynthesis ba.Masu binciken sun gano cewa ta hanyar toshe wannan bangare na band din, yana iya haifar da makafi ga kwari, rage ayyukansu, kare amfanin gona daga kwari da kuma rage yada kwayar cutar.A cikin wannan bangare na bandejin hasken da ake iya gani, ana iya karfafa wannan bangare na bandeji a yankin mai nisa da amfanin gona don tsoma baki wajen aiwatar da ayyukan kwari don kare amfanin gonakin daga kamuwa.

Kwari na yau da kullun a cikin makaman

Kwari na yau da kullun a cikin wurin dasa shuki sun haɗa da thrips, aphids, whiteflies, da leafminers, da sauransu.

thrips infestation

aphid infestation

kamuwa da cutar whitefly

leafminer infestation

Magani don sarrafa spectral na kayan aikin kwari da cututtuka

Binciken ya gano cewa kwari da aka ambata a sama suna da halaye na rayuwa.Ayyukan, jirgin da binciken abinci na waɗannan kwari sun dogara da kewayawa na gani a cikin wani yanki, kamar aphids da whiteflies a cikin hasken ultraviolet (tsawon tsayin kimanin 360 nm) da kore zuwa rawaya haske (520 ~ 540 nm) suna da gabobin masu karɓa.Yin shiga tare da waɗannan makada biyu yana tsoma baki tare da ayyukan kwari kuma yana rage yawan haifuwar sa.Har ila yau, thrips suna da ganuwa a bayyane a ɓangaren haske na bayyane na band 400-500 nm.

Wani ɗan haske mai launi na iya jawo kwari zuwa ƙasa, don haka ƙirƙirar yanayi masu kyau don jawowa da kama kwari.Bugu da kari, mafi girman matakin hangen nesa na hasken rana (sama da kashi 25% na hasken hasken rana) kuma na iya hana kwari haɗe kaddarorin gani.Irin su ƙarfi, tsayin raƙuman ruwa da bambancin launi, suma suna tasiri sosai akan matakin amsawar kwari.Wasu kwari suna da bakan da ake iya gani guda biyu, wato UV da rawaya-kore haske, wasu kuma suna da bakan da ake iya gani guda uku, wato UV, blue light da rawaya-kore haske.

ganuwa m haske makada na kowa kwari

Bugu da kari, kwari masu cutarwa na iya damun su ta hanyar phototaxis mara kyau.Ta hanyar nazarin halaye na rayuwa na kwari, za a iya amfani da hanyoyin magance kwari guda biyu.Ɗaya shine canza yanayin yanayin greenhouse a cikin kewayon da ba za a iya hana shi ba, don haka nau'in nau'in nau'in kwari da ke ƙunshe a cikin greenhouse, kamar kewayon hasken ultraviolet, an rage shi zuwa ƙananan matakin, don haifar da "makãho" ga kwari a cikin wannan band;na biyu, don tazarar da ba za a iya toshewa ba, ana iya ƙara haske ko watsar da hasken launin sauran masu karɓa a cikin greenhouse, don haka damun yanayin tashi da saukowa na kwari.

Hanyar toshe UV

Hanyar toshewa ta UV ita ce ta ƙara abubuwan toshe UV zuwa fim ɗin greenhouse da tarun kwari, don toshe babban igiyoyin tsayin raƙuman ruwa yadda ya kamata waɗanda ke kula da kwari a cikin hasken da ke shiga cikin greenhouse.Ta haka hana ayyukan kwari, rage haifuwa na kwari da rage yada kwari da cututtuka tsakanin amfanin gona a cikin greenhouse.

Spectrum kwari net

Rukunin raga 50 (babban yawan raga) gidan yanar gizo mai hana kwari ba zai iya dakatar da kwari daidai da girman raga ba.Akasin haka, ragamar yana ƙara girma kuma iskar iska yana da kyau, amma ba za a iya sarrafa kwari ba.

tasirin kariya na babban gidan kwari

Tarunn kwarin Spectral suna toshe maɗaurin haske na kwari ta hanyar ƙara ƙari don makaɗar anti-ultraviolet zuwa albarkatun ƙasa.Saboda ba wai dogara ga yawan raga don sarrafa kwari ba, yana yiwuwa kuma a yi amfani da ƙananan ragar ragamar sarrafa kwari don cimma ingantacciyar tasirin sarrafa kwari.Wato yayin da yake tabbatar da samun iska mai kyau, yana kuma samun ingantaccen sarrafa kwari.Sabili da haka, an warware sabani tsakanin samun iska da sarrafa kwari a wurin dasa shuki, kuma ana iya cika buƙatun aikin biyu kuma an sami daidaiton dangi..

Daga hangen nesa na bandungiyar a ƙarƙashin 50-mesh spectral control net, ana iya ganin cewa UV band (ƙananan ƙwayoyin kwari masu haske) suna sha sosai, kuma hangen nesa bai wuce 10% ba.A cikin yankin tagogin iska na greenhouse sanye take da irin wannan tarukan kwari, hangen kwarin yana kusan rashin fahimta a cikin wannan rukunin.

taswirar tunani na spectral net spectral insect spectral band ( raga 50)

tarun kwari masu nau'ikan bakan daban-daban

Don tabbatar da aikin kariya na gidan yanar gizo mai hana kwari, masu binciken sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu dacewa, wato, a cikin lambun samar da tumatir, net 50-mesh talakawan kwari, 50-mesh spectral-proof net, 40- raga na talakawan kwari-proof net, da kuma raga 40 na bakan gizo-gizo mai hana kwari.An yi amfani da tarun ƙwari tare da wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban da nau'ikan raga daban-daban don kwatanta ƙimar rayuwa na farin kwari da thrips.A cikin kowace ƙidayar, adadin fararen kwari a ƙarƙashin raga 50-mesh spectrum control net shine mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma adadin fararen kwari a ƙarƙashin raga 40 na yau da kullun shine mafi girma.Za a iya gani a sarari cewa a ƙarƙashin adadin raga iri ɗaya na gidajen yanar gizo masu hana kwari, adadin fararen kwari da ke ƙarƙashin gidan yanar gizo na ba da kariya ga kwari ya yi ƙasa da na yau da kullun.A ƙarƙashin lambar raga iri ɗaya, adadin thrips a ƙarƙashin gidan yanar gizo mai hana kwari bai kai wanda ke ƙarƙashin gidan yanar gizo na yau da kullun ba, har ma da adadin thrips a ƙarƙashin 40-mesh spectral-proof net yana ƙasa da wancan a ƙarƙashin. raga 50 na yau da kullun mai hana kwari.Gabaɗaya, net ɗin da ke ba da kariya ga kwari har yanzu yana iya samun ƙarfi mai ƙarfi da zai iya hana kwari fiye da babban gidan yanar gizo mai hana kwari yayin da yake tabbatar da ingantacciyar iska.

Tasirin kariya na daban-daban na raga bakan gizo-gizo mai hana kwari da tarukan hana kwari na yau da kullun

A lokaci guda, masu binciken sun kuma sake yin wani gwaji, wato, ta yin amfani da ragar kwaro guda 50 na yau da kullun, tarunan hana kwari mai ratsawa 50, da kuma tarunan riga-kafi guda 68 don kwatanta adadin thrips a ciki. da greenhouse don samar da tumatir.Kamar yadda hoto na 10 ya nuna, net ɗin sarrafa kwari iri ɗaya na yau da kullun, 68-raga, saboda girman ragamar sa, tasirin gidan yanar gizon kwari yana da mahimmanci fiye da na 50-raga na yau da kullun.Amma guda 50-mesh low-mesh spectral net-proof net yana da ƙarancin thrips fiye da babban ragar raga 68 na yau da kullun na rigakafin kwari.

kwatankwacin adadin thrips karkashin ragamar kwari daban-daban

Bugu da kari, a lokacin da gwajin 50-raga talakawan kwari-hujja net da 40-raga spectral kwari-hujja net tare da daban-daban wasanni biyu da daban-daban raga yawa, a lokacin da kwatanta adadin thrips da m allon a cikin leek samar yankin, masu binciken. An gano cewa ko da tare da ƙananan raga, adadin gidajen sauro suma suna da kyakkyawan tasiri na rigakafin kwari fiye da mafi girman ragar tarukan rigakafin kwari.

kwatankwacin lambar thrip a ƙarƙashin ragamar sarrafa kwari daban-daban a samarwa

ainihin kwatancen tasirin rigakafin kwari na raga iri ɗaya tare da wasan kwaikwayo daban-daban

 Fim ɗin maganin kwari na Spectral

Fim ɗin da aka rufe na yau da kullun zai sha wani ɓangare na hasken UV, wanda kuma shine babban dalilin haɓaka tsufa na fim ɗin.Abubuwan da ke toshe rukunin kwari na UVA ana ƙara su zuwa fim ɗin rufe greenhouse ta hanyar fasaha ta musamman, kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayin tabbatar da cewa rayuwar rayuwar fim ɗin ba ta shafi rayuwar yau da kullun ba, an sanya shi cikin fim tare da rigakafin kwari. kaddarorin.

Tasirin fim ɗin UV-blocking da fim na yau da kullun akan whitefly, thrips, da yawan aphids

Tare da karuwar lokacin shuka, ana iya ganin cewa adadin kwari a ƙarƙashin fim ɗin na yau da kullun ya karu sosai fiye da wanda ke ƙarƙashin fim ɗin toshe UV.Ya kamata a nuna cewa yin amfani da irin wannan nau'in fim yana buƙatar masu girbi su ba da kulawa ta musamman ga shigarwa & fita da kuma buɗewar samun iska yayin aiki a cikin greenhouse na yau da kullum, in ba haka ba za a rage tasirin amfani da fim din.Saboda ingantaccen sarrafa kwari ta fim ɗin toshe UV, an rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari ta masu shuka.A cikin dasa shuki na eustoma a cikin kayan aiki, tare da fim din UV, ko adadin leafminers, thrips, whiteflies ko adadin magungunan kashe qwari da aka yi amfani da su, ya fi na fim din na yau da kullum.

Kwatanta tasirin fim ɗin toshe UV da fim na yau da kullun

kwatanta amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin greenhouse ta amfani da fim ɗin toshe UV & fim na yau da kullun

Hanyar tsangwama/hanyar tarko-launi

tropism launi shine ƙauracewa halayen ƙwayoyin gani na kwari zuwa launuka daban-daban.Ta hanyar amfani da hankalin kwari zuwa wasu launuka masu launi na bayyane don tsoma baki tare da manufar kwari, don haka rage cutar da kwari ga amfanin gona da rage amfani da magungunan kashe qwari.

Tsangwama na nunin fim

A cikin samarwa, gefen rawaya na fim din rawaya-launin ruwan kasa yana fuskantar sama, kuma kwari irin su aphids da whiteflies suna sauka a kan fim din da yawa saboda phototaxis.A lokaci guda kuma, yanayin zafin fuskar fim ɗin yana da ƙarfi sosai a lokacin rani, ta yadda za a kashe ƙwari masu yawa da ke manne da saman fim ɗin, ta yadda za a rage barnar da amfanin gona ke haifarwa ta hanyar irin wannan kwari da ke lalata amfanin gonaki. .Fim ɗin launin toka na azurfa yana amfani da mummunan tropism na aphids, thrips, da dai sauransu don launi haske.Rufe kokwamba da strawberry dasa greenhouse tare da azurfa-launin toka fim iya yadda ya kamata rage cutar da irin wannan kwari.

ta amfani da nau'ikan fim daban-daban

m sakamako na rawaya-launin ruwan kasa fim a cikin samar da tumatir makaman

Tsangwamar tunani na gidan yanar gizon sunshade masu launi

Rufe tarun sunshade na launuka daban-daban a sama da greenhouse na iya rage cutar da amfanin gona ta hanyar amfani da halayen hasken launi na kwari.Yawan fararen kwari da ke zama a cikin ragar rawaya ya fi wanda ke cikin gidan jajayen, tarun shudi da kuma baƙar fata.Yawan fararen kwari a cikin greenhouse da aka rufe da ragar rawaya ya ragu sosai fiye da na baƙar fata da kuma farar net.

nazarin halin da ake ciki na maganin kwari ta hanyar sunshade net na launi daban-daban

Tunani tsangwama na aluminum tsare tsare sunshade net

An shigar da gidan yanar gizo mai nuni na aluminum a gefen haɓakar greenhouse, kuma adadin fararen kwari yana raguwa sosai.Idan aka kwatanta da gidan yanar gizo na yau da kullun na rigakafin kwari, an rage adadin thrips daga 17.1 shugabannin/m²zuwa 4.0 shugabannin / m².

amfani da aluminum foil reflective net

Allon Kwanciya

A cikin samarwa, ana amfani da allunan rawaya don kamawa da kashe aphids da whitefly.Bugu da kari, thrips suna kula da shuɗi kuma suna da taksi mai ƙarfi shuɗi.A cikin samarwa, ana iya amfani da allunan shuɗi don kamawa da kashe thrips, da dai sauransu, bisa ka'idar taksi mai launi na kwari a cikin ƙira.Daga cikin su, kintinkiri tare da bullseye ko tsari ya fi kyau don jawo hankalin kwari.

m tef tare da bullseye ko tsari

Bayanin ambato

Zhang Zhiping.Aikace-aikacen Fasahar Kula da Kwari na Spectral a Facility [J].Fasahar Injiniyan Aikin Noma, 42 (19): 17-22.