Asalin Fasahar Injiniyan Noma ta Zhang Zhiping ta Greenhouse Horticulture 2022-08-26 17:20 An buga a Beijing

Kasar Sin ta tsara wani shiri na rigakafi da shawo kan kwari da kuma hana yaduwar su, kuma an yi amfani da sabbin fasahohin zamani da ke amfani da na'urorin daukar kwari na phototaxis don shawo kan kwari a fannin noma.

Ka'idojin fasahar sarrafa kwari ta hanyoyi daban-daban

Tsarin kula da kwari ta hanyar amfani da dabarun spectroscopic ya dogara ne akan halayen ilimin halittar wani nau'in kwari. Yawancin kwari suna da kewayon tsayin daka na yau da kullun, wani ɓangare yana cikin layin UVA mara ganuwa, ɗayan kuma yana cikin ɓangaren haske mai ganuwa. A ɓangaren da ba a ganuwa ba, saboda yana waje da kewayon haske da photosynthesis, yana nufin cewa shiga tsakani na bincike a wannan ɓangaren na ɓangaren band ba zai yi wani tasiri ga aiki da shuka photosynthesis ba. Masu binciken sun gano cewa ta hanyar toshe wannan ɓangaren na sashin, yana iya ƙirƙirar wuraren makanta ga kwari, rage ayyukansu, kare amfanin gona daga kwari da rage yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin wannan ɓangaren na sashin haske mai ganuwa, yana yiwuwa a ƙarfafa wannan ɓangaren na sashin a yankin da ke nesa da amfanin gona don tsoma baki ga alkiblar aikin kwari don kare amfanin gona daga kamuwa da cuta.

Kwari da aka saba gani a wurin

Karin kwari da aka fi sani a cikin shuka sune thrips, aphids, whiteflies, da kuma masu hakar leafminers.

kamuwa da thrips

kamuwa da aphids

Yaɗuwar fararen kwari

kamuwa da cutar ma'adinai

Magani don sarrafa kwari da cututtuka na wurare daban-daban

Binciken ya gano cewa kwari da aka ambata a sama suna da halaye iri ɗaya na rayuwa. Ayyukan, tashi da neman abinci na waɗannan kwari sun dogara ne akan kewayawa ta iska a cikin wani yanki, kamar aphids da whiteflies a cikin hasken ultraviolet (tsawon raƙuman ruwa kimanin 360 nm) da haske kore zuwa rawaya (520 ~ 540 nm) suna da gabobin masu karɓa. Shiga cikin waɗannan rukuni biyu yana hana aikin kwari kuma yana rage saurin haifuwarsa. Thrips kuma suna da sauƙin gani a ɓangaren hasken da ake iya gani na layin 400-500 nm.

Haske mai launin da ba shi da bambanci sosai zai iya jawo kwari su sauka, ta haka ne za a samar da yanayi mai kyau don jawo kwari da kama su. Bugu da ƙari, mafi girman matakin hasken rana (sama da kashi 25% na hasken haske) shi ma zai iya hana kwari haɗuwa da halayen gani. Kamar ƙarfi, tsawon rai da bambancin launi, suma suna da tasiri sosai kan matakin amsawar kwari. Wasu kwari suna da siffofi biyu da ake iya gani, wato hasken UV da hasken rawaya-kore, wasu kuma suna da siffofi uku da ake iya gani, waɗanda su ne hasken UV, hasken shuɗi da hasken rawaya-kore.

hasken da ake iya gani na kwari na yau da kullun

Bugu da ƙari, ana iya danne kwari masu cutarwa ta hanyar amfani da na'urar daukar hoto mara kyau. Ta hanyar nazarin halayen rayuwa na kwari, za a iya amfani da mafita guda biyu don magance kwari. Na farko shine a canza yanayin gidan kore a cikin kewayon spectral mai toshewa, ta yadda za a rage yawan nau'ikan kwari masu aiki da ke cikin gidan kore, kamar hasken ultraviolet, zuwa ƙasa sosai, don ƙirƙirar "makanta" ga kwari a cikin wannan rukunin; na biyu, don tazara mara toshewa, za a iya ƙara hasken launuka na sauran masu karɓa a cikin gidan kore, wanda hakan zai dame yanayin tashi da saukowa na kwari.

Hanyar toshe UV

Hanyar toshewar UV ita ce ta hanyar ƙara sinadaran toshewar UV a cikin fim ɗin greenhouse da gidan kwari, don toshe manyan igiyoyin tsayi waɗanda ke da saurin kamuwa da kwari a cikin hasken da ke shiga cikin greenhouse. Ta haka ne ke hana ayyukan kwari, rage yaduwar kwari da rage yaɗuwar kwari da cututtuka a tsakanin amfanin gona a cikin greenhouse.

Bakan gizo kwari raga

Ramin da ke da raga mai tsawon 50 (mai yawan raga) ba zai iya dakatar da kwari ba kawai gwargwadon girman ragar. Akasin haka, ragar ta faɗaɗa kuma iska tana da kyau, amma ba za a iya shawo kan kwari ba.

tasirin kariya na gidan kwari mai yawan yawa

Gidan sauro na Spectral yana toshe madaurin haske na kwari ta hanyar ƙara ƙarin madaurin hana ultraviolet zuwa kayan amfanin gona. Domin ba wai kawai yana dogara ne akan yawan raga don sarrafa kwari ba, yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da raga mai ƙarancin raga don cimma ingantaccen tasirin sarrafa kwari. Wato, yayin da yake tabbatar da samun iska mai kyau, yana kuma cimma ingantaccen sarrafa kwari. Saboda haka, an warware saɓani tsakanin iska da maganin kwari a wurin shuka, kuma ana iya biyan buƙatun aiki guda biyu kuma an cimma daidaito tsakanin su..

Daga hasken da ke cikin ragar da ke ƙarƙashin ragar da ke sarrafa kwari mai kauri 50, za a iya ganin cewa igiyar UV (ƙungiya mai saurin amsawa ga haske) tana sha sosai, kuma hasken bai kai kashi 10% ba. A fannin tagogi masu samun iska a cikin gidan kore, waɗanda ke ɗauke da irin waɗannan gidajen kwari, kusan ba a iya ganin kwari a wannan igiyar.

Taswirar nunin faifai na ragar kwari (raga 50)

ragar kwari masu nau'ikan siffofi daban-daban

Domin tabbatar da aikin kariya na gidan yanar gizo mai hana kwari, masu binciken sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu dacewa, wato, a cikin lambun samar da tumatir, an zaɓi gidan yanar gizo mai hana kwari mai raga 50, gidan yanar gizo mai hana kwari mai raga 50, gidan yanar gizo mai hana kwari mai raga 40, da gidan yanar gizo mai hana kwari mai raga 40. An yi amfani da gidan yanar gizo mai kwari masu aiki daban-daban da kuma yawan raga daban-daban don kwatanta adadin tsirar fararen kwari da thrips. A kowace ƙidaya, adadin fararen kwari a ƙarƙashin gidan yanar gizo mai raga 50 shine mafi ƙanƙanta, kuma adadin fararen kwari a ƙarƙashin gidan yanar gizo mai raga 40 shine mafi girma. Za a iya gani a sarari cewa a ƙarƙashin adadin raga iri ɗaya na gidajen yanar gizo masu hana kwari, adadin fararen kwari a ƙarƙashin gidan yanar gizo mai juriyar kwari ya yi ƙasa da na gidan yanar gizo na yau da kullun. A ƙarƙashin lambar raga iri ɗaya, adadin thrips a ƙarƙashin ragar da ba ta da kwari ya yi ƙasa da na yau da kullun, har ma da adadin thrips a ƙarƙashin ragar da ba ta da kwari mai kauri 40 ya yi ƙasa da na yau da kullun. Gabaɗaya, ragar da ba ta da kwari mai kauri na iya samun ƙarfi wajen kare kwari fiye da ragar da ba ta da kwari mai kauri tare da tabbatar da ingantaccen iska.

tasirin kariya na gidajen sauro daban-daban masu hana kwari da kuma gidajen sauro na yau da kullun masu hana kwari

A lokaci guda, masu binciken sun kuma gudanar da wani gwaji, wato, ta amfani da raga masu hana kwari na yau da kullun guda 50, raga masu hana kwari na 50, da raga masu hana kwari na yau da kullun guda 68 don kwatanta adadin thrips a cikin gidan kore don samar da tumatir. Kamar yadda hoto na 10 ya nuna, raga mai hana kwari na yau da kullun guda ɗaya, raga mai 68, saboda yawan ragarsa mai yawa, tasirin raga mai hana kwari ya fi na raga mai hana kwari na yau da kullun guda 50. Amma raga mai hana kwari na 50 mai ƙananan raga yana da ƙarancin thrips fiye da raga mai hana kwari na yau da kullun guda 68.

kwatanta adadin thrips a ƙarƙashin gidajen kwari daban-daban

Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da ake gwada raga mai hana kwari na yau da kullun mai raga 50 da raga mai hana kwari na 40 tare da ayyuka daban-daban guda biyu da yawan raga daban-daban, lokacin da ake kwatanta adadin thrips a kowace allon mai liƙa a yankin samar da leek, masu binciken sun gano cewa ko da tare da ƙaramin raga, adadin raga mai layi yana da kyakkyawan tasirin hana kwari fiye da raga mai hana kwari na yau da kullun.

kwatanta adadin thrip a ƙarƙashin raga daban-daban na maganin kwari a lokacin samarwa

kwatancen ainihin tasirin hana kwari na raga ɗaya tare da ayyuka daban-daban

 Fim ɗin maganin kwari na Spectral

Fim ɗin rufe gidan kore na yau da kullun zai sha wani ɓangare na hasken UV, wanda kuma shine babban dalilin da ke hanzarta tsufar fim ɗin. Ana ƙara ƙarin abubuwan da ke toshe rukunin kwari masu cutarwa na UVA zuwa fim ɗin rufe gidan kore ta hanyar wata fasaha ta musamman, kuma a ƙarƙashin manufar tabbatar da cewa rayuwar sabis ta yau da kullun ba ta shafi fim ɗin ba, an yi shi da fim mai kariya daga kwari.

tasirin fim ɗin da ke toshe UV da fim ɗin yau da kullun akan fararen kwari, thrips, da aphids

Tare da ƙaruwar lokacin shuka, za a iya ganin cewa adadin kwari a ƙarƙashin fim ɗin yau da kullun ya ƙaru sosai fiye da wanda ke ƙarƙashin fim ɗin toshe UV. Ya kamata a nuna cewa amfani da wannan nau'in fim yana buƙatar manoma su ba da kulawa ta musamman ga hanyoyin shiga da fita da kuma hanyoyin samun iska yayin aiki a cikin gidan kore na yau da kullun, in ba haka ba tasirin amfani da fim ɗin zai ragu. Saboda ingantaccen sarrafa kwari ta hanyar fim ɗin toshe UV, amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da manoma ke yi yana raguwa. A cikin dasa eustoma a cikin wurin, tare da fim ɗin toshe UV, ko dai adadin masu hakar ganye ne, thrips, whiteflies ko adadin magungunan kashe kwari da ake amfani da su, ya yi ƙasa da na fim ɗin yau da kullun.

Kwatanta tasirin fim ɗin toshe UV da fim ɗin yau da kullun

kwatanta amfani da magungunan kashe kwari a cikin gidan kore ta amfani da fim ɗin toshe UV da fim ɗin yau da kullun

Hanyar tsangwama/kamawa mai launin haske

Yanayin launin fata shine yanayin gujewa gawarwakin gani na kwari ga launuka daban-daban. Ta hanyar amfani da yanayin kwari ga wasu launuka masu launi don tsoma baki ga alkiblar da kwari ke bi, ta haka ne rage illar da kwari ke yi wa amfanin gona da kuma rage amfani da magungunan kashe kwari.

Tsangwama ta fuskar fim

A cikin aikin, gefen rawaya na fim ɗin launin rawaya-launin ruwan kasa yana fuskantar sama, kuma kwari kamar aphids da whiteflies suna sauka akan fim ɗin da yawa saboda phototaxis. A lokaci guda, zafin saman fim ɗin yana da matuƙar girma a lokacin rani, don haka adadin kwari da ke manne da saman fim ɗin ana kashe su, don haka rage lalacewar da irin waɗannan kwari ke yi wa amfanin gona ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba da ke manne wa amfanin gona. Fim ɗin launin azurfa-launin toka yana amfani da mummunan yanayin aphids, thrips, da sauransu don canza launin haske. Rufe kokwamba da dasa strawberry a cikin gidan kore da fim ɗin launin azurfa-launin toka zai iya rage tasirin irin waɗannan kwari.

amfani da fim daban-daban

Tasirin fim mai launin rawaya-kasa-kasa a wurin samar da tumatir

Tsangwamar haske na ragar inuwar rana mai launi

Rufe gidajen yanar gizo masu launuka daban-daban a saman gidan kore na iya rage illar amfanin gona ta hanyar amfani da halayen hasken launi na kwari. Adadin fararen kwari da ke zaune a gidan rawaya ya fi na ja, gidan rawaya da gidan baƙi. Adadin fararen kwari a gidan kore da aka rufe da gidan rawaya ya yi ƙasa da na baƙi da gidan farin raga.

nazarin yanayin shawo kan kwari ta hanyar ragar inuwar rana masu launuka daban-daban

Tsangwama ta tunani ta hanyar amfani da ragar hasken rana mai haske ta aluminum foil

An sanya raga mai haske ta aluminum foil a gefen gidan kore, kuma adadin fararen kwari ya ragu sosai. Idan aka kwatanta da ragar da ba ta jure kwari ba, an rage adadin thrips daga 17.1 kawuna/m2²zuwa kawuna 4.0/m².

amfani da raga mai nuna aluminum

Allon Manne

A wajen samarwa, ana amfani da allon rawaya don kamawa da kashe kwari da fararen kwari. Bugu da ƙari, thrips suna da sauƙin kamuwa da shuɗi kuma suna da taksi masu ƙarfi na shuɗi. A wajen samarwa, ana iya amfani da allon shuɗi don kamawa da kashe thrips, da sauransu, bisa ga ka'idar taksi masu launi na kwari a cikin ƙira. Daga cikinsu, ribbon mai bullseye ko tsari ya fi kyau don jawo hankalin kwari..

tef mai mannewa tare da bullseye ko tsari

Bayanin ambato

Zhang Zhiping. Amfani da Fasahar Kula da Kwari ta Spectral a Cibiyoyin [J]. Fasahar Injiniyan Noma, 42(19): 17-22.