Abstract: A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da ci gaba da binciken fasahar noma na zamani, masana'antar masana'antar shuka ta kuma bunkasa cikin sauri.Wannan takarda ta gabatar da halin da ake ciki, matsalolin da ake da su da kuma matakan ci gaba na ci gaban fasahar masana'antu da ci gaban masana'antu, da kuma sa ido ga yanayin ci gaba da kuma tsammanin masana'antun shuka a nan gaba.

1. Matsayin ci gaban fasahar zamani a masana'antar shuka a kasar Sin da kasashen waje

1.1 Matsayin ci gaban fasahar kasashen waje

Tunda karni na 21, binciken tsiro masana'antu ya fi maida hankali kan inganta kayan aikin haske, halittar kayan aikin kayan aiki da basira da sarrafawa.A cikin karni na 21st, sababbin hanyoyin samar da hasken wutar lantarki na noma sun sami ci gaba, suna ba da goyon bayan fasaha mai mahimmanci don aikace-aikacen hasken wutar lantarki na LED a cikin masana'antun shuka.Jami'ar Chiba a kasar Japan ta yi sabbin abubuwa da dama a cikin ingantattun hanyoyin haske, kula da muhalli na ceton makamashi, da dabarun noma.Jami'ar Wageningen da ke Netherlands tana amfani da kwaikwaiyon yanayin amfanin gona da fasaha mai ƙarfi don haɓaka tsarin kayan aiki na fasaha don masana'antar shuka, wanda ke rage tsadar aiki sosai kuma yana haɓaka yawan aiki.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana'antun masana'antu a hankali sun fahimci juzu'i na sarrafa ayyukan samarwa daga shuka, kiwon seedling, dasawa, da girbi.Japan, Netherlands, da Amurka ne a kan gaba, tare da babban digiri na injiniyoyi, automation, da kuma leken asiri, kuma suna tasowa a cikin alkiblar noma a tsaye da kuma aiki maras so.

1.2 Matsayin ci gaban fasaha a kasar Sin

1.2.1 Specializd LED haske tushen da makamashi-ceton aikace-aikace fasahar kayan aiki ga wucin gadi haske a shuka masana'anta

Maɓuɓɓugan hasken wuta na musamman na ja da shuɗi na LED don samar da nau'ikan shuka iri-iri a masana'antar shuka an haɓaka su ɗaya bayan ɗaya.Ƙarfin wutar lantarki ya fito daga 30 zuwa 300 W, kuma hasken wutar lantarki mai haske shine 80 zuwa 500 μmol / (m2 • s), wanda zai iya ba da haske mai haske tare da kewayon ƙofa mai dacewa, ma'auni na ingancin haske, don cimma tasirin tasiri mai mahimmanci. tanadin makamashi da daidaitawa ga buƙatun ci gaban shuka da haske.Dangane da tsarin kula da yanayin zafi mai zafi, an ƙaddamar da ƙirar zafin zafi mai aiki na fan mai haske, wanda ke rage yawan lalata hasken hasken kuma yana tabbatar da rayuwar hasken haske.Bugu da ƙari, ana ba da shawarar hanyar da za a rage zafi na tushen hasken LED ta hanyar maganin gina jiki ko zagayawa na ruwa.Dangane da tsarin kula da sararin samaniya, bisa ga ka'idar juyin halitta na girman shuka a cikin matakin seedling da kuma mataki na gaba, ta hanyar sarrafa motsin sararin samaniya a tsaye na tushen hasken LED, ana iya haskaka rufin shuka a nesa kusa kuma burin ceton makamashi shine. samu.A halin yanzu, yawan kuzarin da ake amfani da shi na tushen hasken masana'antar hasken wucin gadi zai iya kai kashi 50% zuwa 60% na yawan makamashin da ake amfani da shi na masana'antar.Kodayake LED na iya adana makamashi 50% idan aka kwatanta da fitilu masu kyalli, har yanzu akwai yuwuwar da wajibcin bincike kan ceton makamashi da rage yawan amfani.

1.2.2 Multi-Layer uku-girma namo fasaha da kayan aiki

An rage ratar Layer na noman nau'in nau'in nau'i-nau'i uku saboda LED ya maye gurbin fitilar mai kyalli, wanda ke inganta ingantaccen amfani da sararin samaniya mai girma uku na noman shuka.Akwai karatu da yawa akan zanen kasan gadon noma.An tsara ratsin da aka tayar don samar da kwararar ruwa, wanda zai iya taimakawa tushen shuka don shayar da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin maganin gina jiki a ko'ina kuma yana ƙara yawan ƙwayar iskar oxygen.Yin amfani da allon mulkin mallaka, akwai hanyoyin mulkin mallaka guda biyu, wato, kofuna na mulkin mallaka na filastik masu girma dabam ko yanayin mulkin mallaka na soso.Tsarin gadaje na noma mai zamewa ya bayyana, kuma ana iya tura allon shuka da tsire-tsire da ke kan shi da hannu daga wannan ƙarshen zuwa wancan, tare da fahimtar yanayin samar da shuka a ƙarshen gadon noma da girbi a ɗayan ƙarshen.A halin yanzu, an ɓullo da fasaha da kayan aiki iri-iri na nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙasa marasa ƙasa waɗanda ke dogaro da fasahar fim ɗin abinci mai gina jiki da fasahar kwararar ruwa mai zurfi, da fasaha da kayan aiki don noman ƙasa na strawberries, noman aerosol na kayan lambu mai ganye da furanni. sun tashi.Fasahar da aka ambata ta haɓaka cikin sauri.

1.2.3 Fasaha da kayan aiki na warwarewar abinci mai gina jiki

Bayan an yi amfani da maganin abinci mai gina jiki na wani lokaci, ya zama dole don ƙara abubuwan ruwa da ma'adinai.Gabaɗaya, adadin sabon maganin gina jiki da aka shirya da adadin maganin tushen acid ana ƙaddara ta hanyar auna EC da pH.Manya-manyan barbashi na laka ko tushen cirewa a cikin maganin gina jiki suna buƙatar cire su ta hanyar tacewa.Tushen exudates a cikin bayani na gina jiki za a iya cire ta hanyar photocatalytic hanyoyin don kauce wa ci gaba da noma cikas a hydroponics, amma akwai wasu kasada a cikin samuwar gina jiki.

1.2.4 Fasaha kula da muhalli da kayan aiki

Tsabtace iska na sararin samarwa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman alamun ingancin iska na masana'antar shuka.Tsabtace iska (masu nunin ɓangarorin da aka dakatar da ƙwayoyin cuta) a cikin sararin samarwa na masana'antar shuka a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai ƙarfi yakamata a sarrafa shi zuwa matakin sama da 100,000.Shigar da kayan kashe kwayoyin cuta, maganin shawan iska mai shigowa ma'aikata, da sabon tsarin zagayawa iska (tsarin tace iska) duk mahimman kariya ne.Zazzabi da zafi, CO2 maida hankali da saurin iska na iska a cikin sararin samarwa wani muhimmin abun ciki ne na kula da ingancin iska.A cewar rahotanni, kafa kayan aiki irin su akwatunan haɗakar iska, magudanar iska, mashigai na iska da kantunan iska na iya sarrafa yanayin zafi da zafi daidai gwargwado, CO2 maida hankali da saurin iskar iska a cikin sararin samarwa, ta yadda za a sami daidaiton sararin samaniya da kuma biyan bukatun shuka. a wurare daban-daban.Zazzabi, zafi da tsarin kula da taro na CO2 da sabon tsarin iska an haɗa su cikin tsarin iska mai yawo.Tsarukan uku suna buƙatar raba tashar iska, shigarwar iska da tashar iska, da kuma samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar fan don gane yaduwar iska, tacewa da lalata, da sabuntawa da daidaituwar ingancin iska.Yana tabbatar da cewa samar da tsire-tsire a masana'antar shuka ba ta da kwari da cututtuka, kuma ba a buƙatar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari.A lokaci guda, daidaituwar yanayin zafi, zafi, iska da kuma CO2 maida hankali ga abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin girma a cikin alfarwa an tabbatar da su don biyan buƙatun ci gaban shuka.

2. Matsayin Ci gaban Masana'antar Shuka

2.1 Matsayin masana'antar masana'antar masana'anta na waje

A Japan, bincike da haɓakawa da masana'antu na masana'antar shuka hasken wucin gadi suna da sauri, kuma suna kan gaba.A cikin 2010, gwamnatin Japan ta ƙaddamar da yen biliyan 50 don tallafawa binciken fasaha da haɓakawa da zanga-zangar masana'antu.Cibiyoyi takwas da suka hada da Jami'ar Chiba da Kungiyar Binciken Masana'antar Shuka ta Japan sun halarci.Kamfanin Future Company na Japan ya gudanar da aikin nunin masana'antu na farko na masana'antar shuka tare da fitar da tsire-tsire 3,000 kullum.A cikin 2012, farashin samarwa na masana'antar shuka shine yen 700 / kg.A cikin 2014, masana'antar masana'anta ta zamani a Taga Castle, Miyagi Prefecture ta kammala, ta zama masana'antar shuka LED ta farko a duniya tare da samar da tsire-tsire 10,000 a kullum.Tun daga shekarar 2016, masana'antun masana'antar LED sun shiga cikin sauri na masana'antu a Japan, kuma kamfanoni masu fa'ida ko masu fa'ida sun bayyana daya bayan daya.A cikin 2018, manyan masana'antun shuka waɗanda ke samar da damar yau da kullun na 50,000 zuwa 100,000 tsire-tsire sun bayyana ɗaya bayan ɗaya, kuma masana'antar shuka ta duniya suna haɓaka don haɓaka girma, ƙwararru da haɓaka mai hankali.A lokaci guda kuma, wutar lantarki ta Tokyo, wutar lantarki ta Okinawa da sauran fannoni sun fara zuba jari a masana'antar shuka.A cikin 2020, kason kasuwa na letas da masana'antun shuka na Japan suka samar zai kai kusan kashi 10% na duk kasuwar latas.Daga cikin masana'antun masana'antu sama da 250 da ke aiki a halin yanzu, 20% suna cikin wani mataki na asara, 50% suna kan matakin karyewa, kuma 30% suna cikin wani mataki mai fa'ida, wanda ya haɗa da nau'ikan shuka da aka noma kamar su. letas, ganye, da seedlings.

Netherlands babbar jagora ce ta duniya a fagen hada fasahar aikace-aikacen hasken rana da hasken wucin gadi don masana'antar shuka, tare da babban digiri na injina, sarrafa kansa, hankali da rashin mutuntawa, kuma yanzu ta fitar da cikakkiyar fasahar fasaha da kayan aiki mai ƙarfi. kayayyakin zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, Sin da sauran kasashe.Farmakin AeroFarms na Amurka yana cikin Newark, New Jersey, Amurka, yana da yanki mai girman 6500 m2.Ya fi girma kayan lambu da kayan yaji, kuma abin da ake samu shine kusan 900 t / shekara.

Noma a tsaye a AeroFarms

Masana'antar noma ta tsaye ta Kamfanin Plenty a Amurka tana ɗaukar hasken LED da firam ɗin shuka a tsaye mai tsayin mita 6.Tsire-tsire suna girma daga ɓangarorin masu shuka.Dogaro da ruwa mai nauyi, wannan hanyar dasa shuki baya buƙatar ƙarin famfo kuma yana da ingantaccen ruwa fiye da aikin gona na yau da kullun.Plenty ya yi iƙirarin cewa gonarsa tana samar da sau 350 na amfanin gona na yau da kullun yayin amfani da kashi 1% na ruwa kawai.

Ma'aikatar noma ta tsaye, Kamfanin Plenty

2.2 Matsayin masana'antar masana'anta a China

A shekara ta 2009, masana'antar masana'anta ta farko a kasar Sin tare da sarrafa hankali yayin da aka gina tushen kuma aka fara aiki a wurin baje kolin aikin gona na Changchun.Ginin yanki shine 200 m2, kuma abubuwan muhalli kamar zafin jiki, zafi, haske, CO2 da tattarawar abubuwan gina jiki na masana'antar shuka ana iya sa ido ta atomatik a cikin ainihin lokacin don gane kulawar hankali.

A shekarar 2010, an gina masana'antar shuka Tongzhou a birnin Beijing.Babban tsarin yana ɗaukar tsarin ƙarfe mai haske guda ɗaya tare da jimlar ginin yanki na 1289 m2.An yi shi da siffa mai kama da jigilar jiragen sama, wanda ke nuna alamar aikin noma na kasar Sin da ke kan gaba wajen tafiyar da jirgin ruwa zuwa fasaha mafi ci gaba na aikin gona na zamani.An samar da kayan aikin atomatik don wasu ayyuka na samar da kayan lambu, wanda ya inganta matakin sarrafa kansa da kuma samar da ingantaccen masana'antar shuka.Masana'antar shuka ta ɗauki tsarin famfo mai zafi na ƙasa da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana, wanda zai fi magance matsalar tsadar aiki ga masana'antar.

Duba ciki da waje na masana'antar shuka Tongzhou

A cikin 2013, an kafa kamfanonin fasahar noma da yawa a yankin Nuna fasahar fasahar noma ta Yangling, lardin Shaanxi.Yawancin ayyukan masana'antar shuka da ake ginawa da kuma aiki suna cikin wuraren shakatawa na fasahar fasahar noma, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su don mashahuran nunin kimiyya da yawon shakatawa.Saboda gazawar aikinsu, zai yi wuya waɗannan mashahuran masana'antun masana'antu na kimiyya su sami albarkatu mai yawa da ingantaccen aiki da masana'antu ke buƙata, kuma zai yi wahala su zama babban tsarin masana'antu a nan gaba.

A shekarar 2015, wani babban kamfanin kera guntu na LED a kasar Sin ya yi hadin gwiwa tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Botany na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta kasar Sin don fara aikin kafa kamfanin masana'antar shuka tare.Ya ketare daga masana'antar optoelectronic zuwa masana'antar "photobiological", kuma ya zama abin koyi ga masana'antun LED na kasar Sin don saka hannun jari a cikin ginin masana'antar shuka a masana'antu.Masana'antar Shuka ta ta himmatu wajen sanya hannun jari a masana'antu a fannin ilimin halittu masu tasowa, wanda ya hada bincike na kimiyya, samarwa, nunin faifai, shiryawa da sauran ayyuka, tare da yin rijistar babban jari na Yuan miliyan 100.A watan Yunin 2016, an kammala wannan masana'antar Shuka mai hawa 3 mai fadin murabba'in murabba'in mita 3,000 da kuma filin noma sama da 10,000 m2 tare da fara aiki.A watan Mayu 2017, ma'aunin samar da yau da kullun zai kasance kilogiram 1,500 na kayan lambu masu ganye, daidai da tsire-tsire latas 15,000 kowace rana.

Ra'ayin wannan kamfani

3. Matsaloli da matakan da suka dace na bunkasa masana'antar shuka

3.1 Matsaloli

3.1.1 Babban farashin gini

Masana'antar shuka suna buƙatar samar da amfanin gona a cikin rufaffiyar muhalli.Sabili da haka, ya zama dole don gina ayyukan tallafi da kayan aiki ciki har da tsarin kulawa na waje, tsarin kwandishan, tushen hasken wucin gadi, tsarin noman nau'in nau'i-nau'i, rarrabawar abinci mai gina jiki, da tsarin sarrafa kwamfuta.Kudin gini yana da yawa.

3.1.2 Babban farashin aiki

Yawancin hanyoyin hasken da masana'antun shuka ke buƙata suna fitowa ne daga fitilun LED, waɗanda ke cinye wutar lantarki mai yawa yayin samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri daban-daban.Kayan aiki kamar na’urar sanyaya iska, da iskar shaka, da fanfunan ruwa a harkar samar da masana’antu suma suna amfani da wutar lantarki, don haka kudin wutar lantarkin na da yawa.Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, daga cikin farashin samar da masana'antun masana'antu, farashin wutar lantarki ya kai kashi 29 cikin 100, farashin aiki ya kai kashi 26 cikin 100, raguwar darajar kadari ya kai kashi 23 cikin 100, marufi da sufuri sun kai kashi 12 cikin 100, sannan kayayyakin samar da kayayyaki sun kai kashi 10%.

Rushewar farashin samarwa don masana'antar shuka

3.1.3 Ƙananan matakin sarrafa kansa

Masana'antar shukar da ake amfani da ita a halin yanzu tana da ƙananan matakan sarrafa kansa, kuma matakai kamar shuka iri, dasa shuki, dashen gonaki, da girbi har yanzu suna buƙatar gudanar da aikin hannu, wanda ke haifar da tsadar aiki.

3.1.4 Iyakantaccen nau'in amfanin gona da ake iya nomawa

A halin yanzu, nau'ikan amfanin gona da suka dace da masana'antar shuka ba su da iyaka, galibi koren kayan lambu masu girma da sauri, suna karɓar tushen hasken wucin gadi, kuma suna da ƙananan rufaffiyar.Ba za a iya aiwatar da shuka mai girma ba don buƙatun shuka masu rikitarwa (kamar amfanin gona da ke buƙatar pollination, da sauransu).

3.2 Dabarun Ci Gaba

Dangane da matsalolin da masana'antar masana'antar shuka ke fuskanta, ya zama dole a gudanar da bincike daga bangarori daban-daban kamar fasaha da aiki.Dangane da matsalolin da ake fuskanta a halin yanzu, matakan da za a bi don magance su sune kamar haka.

(1) Ƙarfafa bincike kan fasaha na fasaha na masana'antu na shuka da kuma inganta matakin kulawa da ingantaccen tsari.Ƙirƙirar tsarin kulawa da fasaha mai hankali yana taimakawa wajen cimma matsananciyar kulawar masana'antun shuka, wanda zai iya rage yawan farashin aiki da kuma ceton aiki.

(2) Haɓaka m da ingantaccen shuka factory fasaha kayan aiki don cimma shekara-shekara high quality-da high-yawan amfanin gona.Haɓaka manyan wuraren noma da kayan aiki, fasahar samar da hasken wutar lantarki da kayan aiki, da dai sauransu, don haɓaka matakin fasaha na masana'antar shuka, yana ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar samar da ingantaccen inganci na shekara-shekara.

(3) Gudanar da bincike a kan fasahar noman masana'antu don haɓakar shuke-shuke masu daraja kamar tsire-tsire na magani, tsire-tsire na kiwon lafiya, da kayan lambu da ba kasafai ba, haɓaka nau'ikan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a masana'antar shuka, faɗaɗa hanyoyin samun riba, da inganta wurin farawa da riba. .

(4) Gudanar da bincike kan masana'antar shuka don amfanin gida da kasuwanci, wadatar da nau'ikan masana'antar shuka, da samun ci gaba mai riba tare da ayyuka daban-daban.

4. Tsarin Cigaban Ci Gaba da Hasashen Masana'antar Shuka

4.1 Yanayin Ci gaban Fasaha

4.1.1 Cikakken-tsari da basira

Dangane da injin-art fusion da tsarin rigakafin asarar amfanin gona-robot tsarin, high-gudun m da kuma maras lalacewa dasa da girbi sakamako na ƙarshe, rarraba Multi-girma sarari daidai matsayi da Multi-modal Multi-modal multi-inji hadin gwiwa hanyoyin sarrafawa, da shuka mara matuki, inganci da rashin lalacewa a cikin manyan masana'antar shuka - Ya kamata a ƙirƙiri robobi masu fasaha da kayan tallafi kamar shuka-girbi- tattarawa, don haka fahimtar aikin da ba a sarrafa ba na gabaɗayan tsari.

4.1.2 Sanya sarrafa sarrafawa da hankali

Dangane da tsarin mayar da martani na girma amfanin gona da ci gaba zuwa hasken haske, zafin jiki, zafi, CO2 maida hankali, maida hankali na abinci mai gina jiki, da EC, ya kamata a gina samfurin ƙididdiga na ra'ayoyin amfanin gona.Yakamata a kafa wani tsari mai mahimmanci don nazarin bayanan rayuwar kayan lambu ganyaye da sigogin yanayin samarwa.Hakanan yakamata a kafa tsarin gano ganowa mai ƙarfi na kan layi da tsarin sarrafa mahalli.Ya kamata a ƙirƙiri tsarin yanke shawara na haɗin gwiwar injina da yawa don duk tsarin samar da masana'antar noma mai girma a tsaye.

4.1.3 Low carbon samar da makamashi ceto

Kafa tsarin sarrafa makamashi wanda ke amfani da hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa kamar hasken rana da iska don kammala watsa wutar lantarki da sarrafa amfani da makamashi don cimma ingantattun manufofin sarrafa makamashi.Kamawa da sake amfani da hayaƙin CO2 don taimakawa samar da amfanin gona.

4.1.3 Babban darajar iri iri

Ya kamata a dauki dabarun da za a iya amfani da su don haifar da nau'o'in nau'i masu daraja daban-daban don yin gwaje-gwajen shuka, gina bayanai na masana fasaha na noma, gudanar da bincike kan fasahar noma, zaɓin yawa, tsari na ciyawa, daidaitawa iri-iri da kayan aiki, da samar da daidaitattun ƙayyadaddun fasaha na noma.

4.2 Ci gaban masana'antu

Kamfanonin shuka za su iya kawar da matsalolin albarkatu da muhalli, su tabbatar da samar da masana'antu na noma, da jawo hankalin sabbin ƴan ƙwadago su shiga harkar noma.Muhimman sabbin fasahohi da masana'antu na masana'antun shuka na kasar Sin sun zama jagora a duniya.Tare da haɓaka aikace-aikacen tushen hasken LED, digitization, aiki da kai, da fasaha masu fasaha a fagen masana'antar shuka, masana'antar shuka za su jawo hankalin ƙarin saka hannun jari, tattara hazaka, da amfani da ƙarin sabbin makamashi, sabbin kayan aiki, da sabbin kayan aiki.Ta wannan hanyar, za a iya cimma zurfin haɗin kai na fasaha da kayan aiki da kayan aiki, za a iya inganta matakan fasaha da marasa amfani da kayan aiki da kayan aiki, ci gaba da rage yawan tsarin makamashi da kuma farashin aiki ta hanyar ci gaba da sababbin abubuwa, da kuma sannu a hankali. noman kasuwanni na musamman, masana'antun masana'antu masu fasaha za su haifar da lokacin zinariya na ci gaba.

Dangane da rahoton binciken kasuwa, girman kasuwar noma ta duniya a tsaye a cikin 2020 shine dalar Amurka biliyan 2.9 kawai, kuma ana sa ran nan da shekarar 2025, girman kasuwar noman tsaye ta duniya zai kai dala biliyan 30.A taƙaice, masana'antun shuka suna da fa'idar aikace-aikace da sararin ci gaba.

Marubuci: Zengchan Zhou, Weidong, da dai sauransu

Bayanin ambato:Halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu da kuma fatan ci gaban masana'antar masana'antar shuka [J].Fasahar Injiniyan Aikin Noma, 2022, 42 (1): 18-23.na Zengchan Zhou, Wei Dong, Xiugang Li, et al.