Gabatarwa

Haske yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin girmar shuka. Ita ce mafi kyawun taki don haɓaka shan chlorophyll na shuka da kuma shan nau'ikan halaye daban-daban na girmar shuka kamar carotene. Duk da haka, muhimmin abin da ke ƙayyade girman shuka abu ne mai cikakken bayani, ba wai kawai yana da alaƙa da haske ba, har ma ba a iya raba shi da tsarin ruwa, ƙasa da taki, yanayin muhallin girma da cikakken iko na fasaha.

A cikin shekaru biyu ko uku da suka gabata, an sami rahotanni marasa iyaka kan amfani da fasahar hasken semiconductor game da masana'antun shuke-shuke masu girma uku ko girmar shuke-shuke. Amma bayan karanta shi da kyau, koyaushe akwai wani yanayi na rashin jin daɗi. Gabaɗaya, babu ainihin fahimtar rawar da haske ya kamata ya taka a ci gaban shuke-shuke.

Da farko, bari mu fahimci bakan rana, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 1. Za a iya ganin cewa bakan rana wani bakan ne mai ci gaba, wanda bakan shuɗi da kore suka fi ƙarfin bakan ja, kuma bakan haske da ake gani yana tsakanin 380 zuwa 780 nm. Girman halittu a yanayi yana da alaƙa da ƙarfin bakan. Misali, yawancin tsire-tsire a yankin da ke kusa da equator suna girma da sauri, kuma a lokaci guda, girman girman girmansu yana da girma sosai. Amma yawan hasken rana ba koyaushe yake mafi kyau ba, kuma akwai wani matakin zaɓi don girman dabbobi da tsirrai.

Hoto na 1, Halayen hasken rana da kuma hasken da ake iya gani

Na biyu, an nuna zane na biyu na wasu muhimman abubuwan sha na girmar shuka a Hoto na 2.

Hoto na 2, Siffar shaye-shaye na wasu auxins a cikin girman tsirrai

Za a iya gani daga Hoto na 2 cewa yanayin shan haske na wasu manyan auxins da ke shafar girman shuka ya bambanta sosai. Saboda haka, amfani da fitilun girma na shukar LED ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, amma an yi niyya sosai. A nan ya zama dole a gabatar da ra'ayoyin muhimman abubuwan girma na shuka guda biyu masu amfani da photosynthesis.

• Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman launuka da suka shafi photosynthesis. Yana wanzuwa a cikin dukkan halittu waɗanda ke iya ƙirƙirar photosynthesis, gami da tsire-tsire masu kore, algae masu launin shuɗi-kore na prokaryotic (cyanobacteria) da algae na eukaryotic. Chlorophyll yana ɗaukar makamashi daga haske, wanda daga nan ake amfani da shi don canza carbon dioxide zuwa carbohydrates.

Chlorophyll a galibi yana shan hasken ja, kuma chlorophyll b galibi yana shan hasken shuɗi-violet, musamman don bambance shuke-shuken inuwa daga shuke-shuken rana. Rabon chlorophyll b zuwa chlorophyll a na shuke-shuken inuwa ƙarami ne, don haka shuke-shuken inuwa za su iya amfani da hasken shuɗi sosai kuma su daidaita da girma a cikin inuwa. Chlorophyll a yana da shuɗi-kore, kuma chlorophyll b yana da rawaya-kore. Akwai ƙarfi guda biyu na chlorophyll a da chlorophyll b, ɗaya a yankin ja mai tsawon tsayi na 630-680 nm, ɗayan kuma a yankin shuɗi-violet mai tsawon tsayi na 400-460 nm.

• Carotenoids

Carotenoids kalma ce ta gabaɗaya don nau'in launuka masu mahimmanci na halitta, waɗanda aka fi samu a cikin launuka masu launin rawaya, ja-orange ko ja a cikin dabbobi, manyan shuke-shuke, fungi, da algae. Zuwa yanzu, an gano sama da carotenoids na halitta 600.

Shakar hasken carotenoids yana rufe kewayon OD303~505 nm, wanda ke samar da launin abinci kuma yana shafar yadda jiki ke cin abinci. A cikin algae, shuke-shuke, da ƙananan halittu, launinsa yana rufe da chlorophyll kuma ba zai iya bayyana ba. A cikin ƙwayoyin shuka, carotenoids suna samarwa ba wai kawai suna sha da canja wurin kuzari don taimakawa wajen photosynthesis ba, har ma suna da aikin kare ƙwayoyin halitta daga lalata su ta hanyar ƙwayoyin oxygen masu haɗin lantarki guda ɗaya.

Wasu rashin fahimtar ra'ayi

Ko da kuwa tasirin ceton makamashi, zaɓin haske da kuma daidaita haske, hasken semiconductor ya nuna fa'idodi masu yawa. Duk da haka, daga ci gaban da aka samu cikin sauri a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata, mun kuma ga rashin fahimta da yawa a cikin ƙira da amfani da haske, waɗanda galibi ke bayyana a cikin waɗannan fannoni.

①Muddin an haɗa guntun ja da shuɗi na wani tsawon tsayi a wani rabo, ana iya amfani da su wajen noman tsire-tsire, misali, rabon ja da shuɗi shine 4:1, 6:1, 9:1 da sauransu.

②Muddin haske fari ne, zai iya maye gurbin hasken rana, kamar bututun haske mai haske uku na farko da ake amfani da shi sosai a Japan, da sauransu. Amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan hasken yana da wani tasiri ga ci gaban tsirrai, amma tasirin bai yi kyau kamar tushen haske da LED ya samar ba.

③Muddin PPFD (yawan kwararar haske mai yawa), wani muhimmin ma'auni na haske, ya kai wani takamaiman ma'auni, misali, PPFD ya fi 200 μmol·m-2·s-1. Duk da haka, lokacin amfani da wannan alamar, dole ne ku kula da ko shukar inuwa ce ko shukar rana. Kuna buƙatar tambaya ko nemo wurin cika hasken diyya na waɗannan tsire-tsire, wanda kuma ake kira wurin diyya na haske. A aikace-aikacen gaske, sau da yawa ana ƙone tsire-tsire ko bushewa. Saboda haka, dole ne a tsara ƙirar wannan siga bisa ga nau'in shuka, yanayin girma da yanayi.

Dangane da ɓangaren farko, kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin gabatarwar, bakan da ake buƙata don ci gaban shuka ya kamata ya zama bakan da ke ci gaba da kasancewa tare da faɗin rarrabawa. Babu shakka bai dace a yi amfani da tushen haske da aka yi da takamaiman guntu biyu na ja da shuɗi tare da kunkuntar bakan (kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3(a)). A cikin gwaje-gwaje, an gano cewa tsire-tsire suna da launin rawaya, tushen ganye suna da haske sosai, kuma tushen ganyen suna da siriri sosai.

Ga bututun mai haske mai launuka uku na farko da aka saba amfani da su a shekarun baya, kodayake an haɗa fari, an raba ja, kore, da shuɗin spectra (kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3(b)), kuma faɗin bakan yana da kunkuntar sosai. Ƙarfin bakan na ɓangaren da ke gaba yana da rauni kaɗan, kuma wutar har yanzu tana da girma idan aka kwatanta da LEDs, sau 1.5 zuwa 3 na amfani da makamashi. Saboda haka, tasirin amfani bai yi kyau kamar fitilun LED ba.

Hoto na 3, Hasken LED mai launin ja da shuɗi da kuma hasken fitila mai launin shuɗi mai launuka uku na farko

PPFD shine yawan kwararar haske mai yawa, wanda ke nufin ingantaccen yawan kwararar haske mai haske a cikin photosynthesis, wanda ke wakiltar jimlar adadin kwararar haske akan tushen ganyen shuka a cikin kewayon tsawon tsayi na 400 zuwa 700 nm a kowace lokaci da yankin naúrar. Naúrarsa ita ce μE·m-2·s-1 (μmol·m-2·s-1). Radiation mai aiki da photosynthetic (PAR) yana nufin jimlar hasken rana tare da tsawon tsayi a cikin kewayon 400 zuwa 700 nm. Ana iya bayyana shi ko dai ta hanyar haske quanta ko ta hanyar kuzarin haske.

A da, ƙarfin hasken da na'urar auna haske ke nunawa shine haske, amma bambancin girman tsiro yana canzawa saboda tsayin hasken da ke fitowa daga shukar, rufin haske da kuma ko hasken zai iya ratsa ta cikin ganyayyaki. Saboda haka, ba daidai ba ne a yi amfani da par a matsayin alamar ƙarfin haske a nazarin photosynthesis.

Gabaɗaya, ana iya fara tsarin photosynthesis lokacin da PPFD na shuka mai son rana ya fi 50 μmol·m-2·s-1 girma, yayin da PPFD na shuka mai inuwa yana buƙatar 20 μmol·m-2·s-1 kawai. Saboda haka, lokacin siyan fitilun girma na LED, zaku iya zaɓar adadin fitilun girma na LED bisa ga wannan ƙimar tunani da nau'in tsire-tsire da kuka shuka. Misali, idan PPFD na hasken LED guda ɗaya shine 20 μmol·m-2·s-1, ana buƙatar fiye da kwararan fitila na LED guda 3 don shuka tsire-tsire masu son rana.

Wasu hanyoyin ƙira na hasken semiconductor

Ana amfani da hasken Semiconductor don girma ko shuka shuke-shuke, kuma akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na asali na tunani.

• A halin yanzu, tsarin shuka a cikin gida yana da zafi sosai a China. Wannan samfurin yana da halaye da dama:

①Matsayin fitilun LED shine samar da cikakken hasken shuke-shuke, kuma ana buƙatar tsarin hasken don samar da dukkan makamashin hasken, kuma farashin samarwa yana da yawa.
② Tsarin fitilun girma na LED yana buƙatar la'akari da ci gaba da amincin bakan;
③Ya zama dole a sarrafa lokacin haske da ƙarfin haske yadda ya kamata, kamar barin tsire-tsire su huta na 'yan awanni, ƙarfin hasken bai isa ba ko kuma ya yi ƙarfi sosai, da sauransu;
④Duk tsarin yana buƙatar yin koyi da yanayin da ake buƙata ta yanayin girma mafi kyau na tsirrai a waje, kamar danshi, zafin jiki da yawan CO2.

• Yanayin dasawa a waje tare da kyakkyawan tushe na dasawa a waje. Halayen wannan samfurin sune:

①Matsayin fitilun LED shine ƙara haske. Ɗaya shine ƙara hasken a wuraren shuɗi da ja a ƙarƙashin hasken rana a lokacin rana don haɓaka photosynthesis na tsirrai, ɗayan kuma shine ramawa lokacin da babu hasken rana da dare don haɓaka haɓakar shuke-shuke.
② Ƙarin hasken yana buƙatar la'akari da matakin girma da shukar take ciki, kamar lokacin shuka ko lokacin fure da 'ya'yan itace.

Saboda haka, ƙirar fitilun shukar LED ya kamata da farko ta kasance tana da nau'ikan ƙira guda biyu na asali, wato, hasken awanni 24 (na cikin gida) da kuma hasken ƙarin girma na shuka (na waje). Don noman tsire-tsire na cikin gida, ƙirar fitilun shukar LED tana buƙatar la'akari da fannoni uku, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 4. Ba zai yiwu a haɗa guntu-guntu masu launuka uku na farko a wani takamaiman rabo ba.

Hoto na 4, Manufar ƙira ta amfani da fitilun LED masu ƙarfafawa na cikin gida don hasken awanni 24

Misali, ga wani bakan da ke matakin renon yara, idan aka yi la'akari da cewa yana buƙatar ƙarfafa girman saiwoyi da tushe, ƙarfafa rassan ganye, kuma ana amfani da tushen haske a cikin gida, za a iya tsara bakan kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 5.

Hoto na 5, Tsarin spectral da ya dace da lokacin ɗakin yara na cikin gida na LED

Don ƙirar nau'in hasken LED na biyu, an fi mayar da hankali ne kan ƙirar mafita ta ƙarin haske don haɓaka dasawa a cikin tushen gidan kore na waje. An nuna ra'ayin ƙira a Hoto na 6.

Hoto na 6, Ra'ayoyin ƙira na fitilun girma na waje 

Marubucin ya ba da shawarar cewa kamfanonin da ke da shuke-shuke su ɗauki zaɓi na biyu na amfani da fitilun LED don haɓaka haɓakar shuke-shuke.

Da farko dai, noman kore a waje na kasar Sin yana da shekaru da dama da kuma kwarewa iri-iri, a kudu da arewa. Yana da kyakkyawan tushe na fasahar noman kore kuma yana samar da adadi mai yawa na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu sabo a kasuwa ga biranen da ke kewaye. Musamman ma a fannin noma ƙasa da ruwa da taki, an samu sakamako mai kyau na bincike.

Na biyu, wannan nau'in maganin ƙarin haske zai iya rage yawan amfani da makamashi ba tare da amfani ba sosai, kuma a lokaci guda zai iya ƙara yawan amfanin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu yadda ya kamata. Bugu da ƙari, faɗin yankin ƙasar Sin yana da matuƙar dacewa don tallatawa.

A matsayin binciken kimiyya na hasken fitilun LED, yana kuma samar da tushe mai faɗi na gwaji a gare shi. Hoto na 7 wani nau'in hasken LED ne da wannan ƙungiyar bincike ta haɓaka, wanda ya dace da girma a cikin gidajen kore, kuma an nuna bakan sa a Hoto na 8.

Hoto na 7, Wani nau'in hasken LED mai girma

Hoto na 8, bakan wani nau'in hasken LED mai girma

Bisa ga ra'ayoyin ƙira da ke sama, ƙungiyar binciken ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje iri-iri, kuma sakamakon gwajin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Misali, don hasken shuka a lokacin renon yara, fitilar asali da aka yi amfani da ita ita ce fitilar haske mai ƙarfin 32 W da kuma zagayowar renon yara na kwanaki 40. Muna samar da hasken LED mai ƙarfin 12 W, wanda ke rage zagayowar renon yara zuwa kwanaki 30, yana rage tasirin zafin fitilun a cikin wurin bitar renon yara, kuma yana adana wutar lantarki ta na'urar sanyaya iska. Kauri, tsayi da launin 'ya'yan itacen sun fi maganin renon 'ya'yan itacen asali kyau. Ga 'ya'yan itatuwa na kayan lambu, an kuma sami kyakkyawan sakamako na tabbatarwa, wanda aka taƙaita a cikin tebur mai zuwa.

Daga cikinsu, ƙungiyar haske ta ƙarin PPFD: 70-80 μmol·m-2·s-1, da kuma rabon ja-shuɗi: 0.6-0.7. Matsakaicin ƙimar PPFD ta rana ta ƙungiyar halitta shine 40~800 μmol·m-2·s-1, kuma rabon ja zuwa shuɗi shine 0.6~1.2. Ana iya ganin cewa alamun da ke sama sun fi na shukar da aka girma ta halitta kyau.

Kammalawa

Wannan labarin ya gabatar da sabbin ci gaba a fannin amfani da fitilun LED a fannin noman shuke-shuke, kuma ya nuna wasu rashin fahimta a fannin amfani da hasken LED a fannin noman shuke-shuke. A ƙarshe, an gabatar da ra'ayoyi da tsare-tsare na fasaha don haɓaka fitilun LED da ake amfani da su don noman shuke-shuke. Ya kamata a nuna cewa akwai wasu abubuwan da ya kamata a yi la'akari da su wajen shigarwa da amfani da hasken, kamar nisan da ke tsakanin haske da shuka, kewayon hasken fitilar, da kuma yadda ake amfani da hasken da ruwa, taki, da ƙasa.

Mawallafi: Yi Wang et al. Source: CNKI