Gabatarwa

Haske yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin ci gaban shuka.Shi ne mafi kyawun taki don haɓaka sha na chlorophyll shuka da kuma ɗaukar halaye iri-iri na ci gaban shuka kamar carotene.Duk da haka, mahimmancin mahimmancin da ke ƙayyade girma na tsire-tsire shine cikakkiyar mahimmanci, ba kawai da alaka da haske ba, amma kuma ba za a iya raba shi da daidaitawar ruwa, ƙasa da taki, yanayin yanayin girma da kuma cikakkiyar kulawar fasaha.

A cikin shekaru biyu ko uku da suka gabata, an sami rahotanni marasa iyaka game da aikace-aikacen fasahar haske na semiconductor game da masana'antar shuka mai girma uku ko haɓakar shuka.Amma bayan karanta shi a hankali, ko da yaushe akwai rashin jin daɗi.Gabaɗaya magana, babu ainihin fahimtar irin rawar da haske ya kamata ya taka wajen haɓaka tsiro.

Da farko, bari mu fahimci bakan rana, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 1. Za a iya ganin cewa hasken rana bakan bakan ci gaba ne, wanda bakan shudi da kore suka fi jajayen bakan, kuma hasken da ake iya gani ya fito daga. 380 zuwa 780 nm.Girman kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi yana da alaƙa da ƙarfin bakan.Alal misali, yawancin tsire-tsire a yankin da ke kusa da equator suna girma da sauri sosai, kuma a lokaci guda, girman girman su yana da girma.Amma tsananin zafin hasken rana ba koyaushe ya fi kyau ba, kuma akwai takamaiman matakin zaɓi don haɓakar dabbobi da tsirrai.

Hoto na 1, Halayen bakan hasken rana da bakan haske na bayyane

Na biyu, zane na bakan na biyu na abubuwa da yawa na abubuwan sha na ci gaban shuka ana nuna shi a hoto na 2.

Hoto na 2, Abubuwan sha na auxins da yawa a cikin ci gaban shuka

Ana iya gani daga Hoto na 2 cewa yanayin ɗaukar haske na auxins da yawa waɗanda ke shafar haɓakar shuka sun bambanta sosai.Saboda haka, aikace-aikace na LED shuka girma fitilu ba abu ne mai sauki ba, amma sosai niyya.Anan ya zama dole a gabatar da ra'ayoyin abubuwa biyu mafi mahimmancin abubuwan ci gaban shuka na photosynthesis.

• Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll yana daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi photosynthesis.Ya wanzu a cikin dukkanin kwayoyin halitta waɗanda zasu iya haifar da photosynthesis, ciki har da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, prokaryotic blue-koren algae (cyanobacteria) da eukaryotic algae.Chlorophyll yana ɗaukar makamashi daga haske, wanda ake amfani dashi don canza carbon dioxide zuwa carbohydrates.

Chlorophyll a galibi yana ɗaukar haske ja, kuma chlorophyll b galibi yana ɗaukar hasken shuɗi-violet, musamman don bambanta tsire-tsire masu inuwa da tsire-tsire na rana.Rabon chlorophyll b zuwa chlorophyll a na shuke-shuken inuwa karami ne, don haka tsire-tsire masu inuwa na iya amfani da haske mai shuɗi da ƙarfi kuma su dace da girma a cikin inuwa.Chlorophyll a shine shudi-kore, kuma chlorophyll b shine rawaya-kore.Akwai nau'i biyu masu ƙarfi na chlorophyll a da chlorophyll b, ɗaya a cikin yankin ja mai tsayin 630-680 nm, ɗayan kuma a cikin yankin shuɗi-violet mai tsayin 400-460 nm.

• Carotenoids

Carotenoids shine kalmar gabaɗaya don nau'in nau'ikan launuka masu mahimmanci na halitta, waɗanda galibi ana samun su a cikin launin rawaya, orange-ja ko ja a cikin dabbobi, tsirrai mafi girma, fungi, da algae.Ya zuwa yanzu, an gano fiye da 600 carotenoids na halitta.

Hasken haske na carotenoids yana rufe kewayon OD303 ~ 505 nm, wanda ke ba da launi na abinci kuma yana shafar cin abinci na jiki.A cikin algae, tsire-tsire, da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, launinsa yana rufe da chlorophyll kuma ba zai iya bayyana ba.A cikin sel shuke-shuke, carotenoids ba kawai suna sha da canja wurin makamashi don taimakawa photosynthesis ba, har ma suna da aikin kare kwayoyin halitta daga lalacewa ta hanyar ƙwaƙƙwarar haɗin oxygen guda ɗaya.

Wasu rashin fahimta na fahimta

Ko da kuwa tasirin ceton makamashi, zaɓin haske da daidaitawar haske, hasken wutar lantarki na semiconductor ya nuna babban fa'ida.Sai dai kuma daga ci gaban da aka samu cikin shekaru biyun da suka gabata, mun kuma ga rashin fahimtar juna a cikin tsari da kuma amfani da hasken, wanda akasari ke bayyana a cikin wadannan bangarori.

① Matukar ja da shudin guntu na wani tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayin tsayi da ja da shuɗi sun haɗa su a cikin wani yanki na musamman, ana iya amfani da su wajen noman shuka, misali, rabon ja zuwa shuɗi shine 4: 1, 6: 1, 9: 1 da sauransu. kan.

②Idan dai farin haske ne, zai iya maye gurbin hasken rana, kamar bututun haske na farko guda uku da ake amfani da shi a Japan, da dai sauransu, yin amfani da wadannan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da ake amfani da su a Japan. ba shi da kyau kamar tushen hasken da LED ya yi.

③ Muddin PPFD (hasken jimla juzu'i), muhimmin siga na haskakawa, ya kai ga wani ma'auni, misali, PPFD ya fi 200 μmol·m-2·s-1.Koyaya, lokacin amfani da wannan alamar, dole ne ku kula da ko shuka inuwa ce ko shukar rana.Kuna buƙatar tambaya ko nemo madaidaicin ramuwar haske na waɗannan tsire-tsire, wanda kuma ake kira wurin ramuwa mai haske.A cikin aikace-aikace na ainihi, tsire-tsire suna yawan ƙonewa ko bushe.Sabili da haka, dole ne a tsara ƙirar wannan siga bisa ga nau'in shuka, yanayin girma da yanayi.

Game da al'amari na farko, kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin gabatarwar, bakan da ake buƙata don ci gaban shuka ya kamata ya kasance ci gaba da bakan tare da wani faɗin rarraba.Babu shakka bai dace ba a yi amfani da tushen haske da aka yi da takamaiman guntu ja da shuɗi mai tsayin tsayin raƙuman ruwa mai kunkuntar bakan (kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 3(a)).A gwaje-gwajen da aka yi, an gano cewa tsire-tsire sun kasance masu launin rawaya, ganyayen ganyen suna da haske sosai, sannan ganyayen suna da sirara sosai.

Don bututun masu kyalli masu launuka na farko guda uku da aka saba amfani da su a shekarun baya, duk da cewa an hada farar fata, an ware bakan jan, kore, da shudi (kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 3(b)), kuma fadin bakan yana da kunkuntar sosai.Ƙaƙƙarwar ɓangaren ɓangaren mai ci gaba yana da rauni, kuma har yanzu ikon yana da girma idan aka kwatanta da LEDs, 1.5 zuwa 3 sau yawan makamashi.Saboda haka, tasirin amfani ba shi da kyau kamar fitilun LED.

Hoto 3, Ja da shuɗi guntu LED hasken shuka da bakan haske mai launi na farko-uku

PPFD shine girman juzu'in juzu'in kididdigar haske, wanda ke nufin tasiri mai tasiri na hasken hasken hasken haske na haske a cikin photosynthesis, wanda ke wakiltar adadin adadin adadin hasken da ya faru a kan tushen ganyen shuka a cikin kewayon tsayin 400 zuwa 700 nm a kowane lokaci da yanki na yanki. .Ƙungiyarsa ita ce μE·m-2·s-1 (μmolm-2·s-1).Hasken hasken rana (PAR) yana nufin jimlar hasken rana tare da tsawon tsayi a cikin kewayon 400 zuwa 700 nm.Ana iya bayyana shi ko dai ta hanyar ƙididdige haske ko ta ƙarfin haske.

A da, ƙarfin hasken da na'urar haska ta ke nunawa shine haske, amma yanayin girma na tsire-tsire yana canzawa saboda tsayin haske daga shuka, hasken haske da kuma ko hasken zai iya wucewa ta cikin ganyayyaki.Saboda haka, ba daidai ba ne a yi amfani da par a matsayin mai nuna ƙarfin haske a cikin nazarin photosynthesis.

Gabaɗaya, ana iya ƙaddamar da tsarin photosynthesis lokacin da PPFD na shuka mai son rana ya fi 50 μmol·m-2·s-1 girma, yayin da PPFD na inuwa shuka kawai yana buƙatar 20 μmol·m-2·s-1. .Saboda haka, lokacin siyan LED girma fitilu, za ka iya zaɓar adadin LED girma fitilu dangane da wannan tunani darajar da irin shuke-shuke da ka shuka.Misali, idan PPFD na LED guda ɗaya shine 20 μmol·m-2·s-1, ana buƙatar fiye da 3 LED kwararan fitila na shuka don shuka tsire-tsire masu son rana.

Yawancin ƙirar ƙira na hasken wuta na semiconductor

Ana amfani da hasken semiconductor don haɓaka tsiro ko shuka, kuma akwai mahimman hanyoyin tunani guda biyu.

• A halin yanzu, tsarin dashen cikin gida yana da zafi sosai a kasar Sin.Wannan samfurin yana da halaye da yawa:

① Matsayin hasken wuta na LED shine don samar da cikakken nau'in hasken shuka, kuma ana buƙatar tsarin hasken wuta don samar da duk makamashin hasken wuta, kuma farashin samarwa yana da girma;
② Zane na LED girma fitilu yana buƙatar la'akari da ci gaba da amincin bakan;
③Ya zama dole don sarrafa lokacin haske da ƙarfin hasken wuta yadda ya kamata, kamar barin tsire-tsire na ɗan sa'o'i kaɗan, ƙarfin iska mai ƙarfi bai isa ba ko kuma mai ƙarfi, da sauransu;
④ Dukkanin tsari yana buƙatar yin koyi da yanayin da ake buƙata ta ainihin yanayin girma mafi kyau na tsire-tsire a waje, irin su zafi, zafin jiki da CO2 maida hankali.

• Yanayin dasa shuki na waje tare da kyakkyawan tushe dasa shuki na waje.Siffofin wannan samfurin sune:

① Matsayin fitilun LED shine ƙara haske.Daya shine don haɓaka hasken haske a cikin shuɗi da jajayen wurare a ƙarƙashin hasken rana da hasken rana don haɓaka photosynthesis na tsire-tsire, ɗayan kuma shine ramawa lokacin da babu hasken rana da dare don haɓaka haɓakar shuka.
② Ƙarin haske yana buƙatar yin la'akari da wane matakin girma da shuka yake ciki, kamar lokacin seedling ko lokacin fure da lokacin 'ya'yan itace.

Saboda haka, zane na LED shuka girma fitilu ya kamata da farko da biyu asali zane halaye, wato, 24h lighting (na cikin gida) da kuma shuka girma kari lighting (waje).Don noman tsire-tsire na cikin gida, ƙirar LED girma fitilu yana buƙatar la'akari da bangarori uku, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 4. Ba zai yiwu a haɗa kwakwalwan kwamfuta tare da launuka na farko guda uku a cikin wani yanki na musamman ba.

Hoto 4, Tunanin ƙira na yin amfani da fitilun fitilun shuka na cikin gida don hasken 24h

Misali, ga bakan a matakin gandun daji, la'akari da cewa yana buƙatar ƙarfafa ci gaban tushen da tushe, ƙarfafa reshen ganye, kuma ana amfani da tushen haske a cikin gida, ana iya tsara bakan kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 5.

Hoto 5, Tsarin Spectral wanda ya dace da lokacin gandun daji na cikin gida na LED

Don ƙirar nau'in nau'in LED na girma na biyu, galibi ana nufin ƙirar ƙirar ƙarin haske don haɓaka dasa shuki a gindin greenhouse na waje.An nuna ra'ayin ƙira a hoto na 6.

Hoto 6, Zane ra'ayoyin fitilun girma na waje 

Marubucin ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙarin kamfanonin shuka sun ɗauki zaɓi na biyu don amfani da fitilun LED don haɓaka haɓakar shuka.

Da farko dai, noman greenhouse a waje na kasar Sin yana da yawan shekaru da dama da kuma kwarewa iri-iri, a kudanci da arewa.Yana da kyakkyawan tushe na fasahar noman greenhouse kuma yana ba da adadi mai yawa na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari a kasuwa don biranen da ke kewaye.Musamman a fannin kasa da ruwa da dashen taki, an samu kyakkyawan sakamakon bincike.

Na biyu, irin wannan ƙarin bayani na haske zai iya rage yawan amfani da makamashi da ba dole ba, kuma a lokaci guda yana iya ƙara yawan amfanin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari.Bugu da kari, babban yankin kasar Sin yana da matukar dacewa wajen tallata shi.

A matsayin binciken kimiyya na hasken shuka LED, yana kuma ba da babban tushe na gwaji don shi.Hoto 7 wani nau'i ne na LED girma haske wanda wannan ƙungiyar bincike ta haɓaka, wanda ya dace da girma a cikin greenhouses, kuma an nuna bakansa a cikin hoto 8.

Hoto 7, Wani nau'in LED girma haske

Hoto 8, bakan nau'in LED girma haske

Bisa ga ra'ayoyin ƙira na sama, ƙungiyar bincike sun gudanar da gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, kuma sakamakon gwajin yana da mahimmanci.Misali, don girma haske a lokacin gandun daji, asalin fitilar da aka yi amfani da ita ita ce fitilun mai kyalli mai ƙarfin 32 W da zagayen gandun daji na kwanaki 40.Muna samar da hasken LED na 12 W, wanda ke rage tsawon seedling zuwa kwanaki 30, yadda ya kamata ya rage tasirin zazzabi na fitilun a cikin bitar seedling, kuma yana adana ikon amfani da kwandishan.A kauri, tsawon da launi na seedlings ne mafi alhẽri daga asali seedling kiwon lafiya.Don tsire-tsire na kayan lambu na yau da kullun, an kuma sami kyakkyawan sakamako na tabbatarwa, waɗanda aka taƙaita a cikin tebur mai zuwa.

Daga cikin su, ƙarin ƙungiyar haske PPFD: 70-80 μmol·m-2·s-1, da ma'aunin ja-blue: 0.6-0.7.Matsakaicin ƙimar PPFD na rana na ƙungiyar halitta shine 40 ~ 800 μmol·m-2·s-1, kuma rabon ja zuwa shuɗi shine 0.6 ~ 1.2.Ana iya ganin cewa alamun da ke sama sun fi na tsire-tsire masu girma na halitta.

Kammalawa

Wannan labarin ya gabatar da sabon ci gaba a cikin aikace-aikacen LED girma fitilu a cikin shuka shuka, da kuma nuna wasu rashin fahimta a cikin aikace-aikace na LED girma haske a shuka namo.A ƙarshe, an gabatar da ra'ayoyin fasaha da tsare-tsare don haɓaka fitilolin girma na LED da ake amfani da su don shuka shuka.Ya kamata a yi nuni da cewa, akwai kuma wasu abubuwan da ya kamata a yi la’akari da su wajen girka da amfani da hasken, kamar tazarar da ke tsakanin hasken da shuka, da kewayon hasken fitilar, da yadda ake amfani da hasken da shi. ruwa na al'ada, taki, da ƙasa.

Mawallafi: Yi Wang et al.Source: CNKI