Asalin Tushe: Houcheng Liu. Matsayin ci gaba da yanayin masana'antar hasken wutar lantarki ta LED [J].Journal of Illumination Engineering, 2018,29(04):8-9.
Tushen Labari: Abu Da Yake Zurfi

Haske shine babban abin da ke haifar da muhalli ga girma da ci gaban shuke-shuke. Haske ba wai kawai yana samar da makamashi ga ci gaban shuke-shuke ta hanyar photosynthesis ba, har ma yana da mahimmanci wajen daidaita girma da ci gaban shuke-shuke. Karin haske na wucin gadi ko cikakken hasken wucin gadi na iya haɓaka ci gaban shuke-shuke, ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa, inganta siffar samfur, launi, haɓaka abubuwan aiki, da rage faruwar cututtuka da kwari. A yau, zan raba muku yanayin ci gaba da yanayin masana'antar hasken shuke-shuke.
Ana ƙara amfani da fasahar hasken wucin gadi a fannin hasken tsirrai. LED yana da fa'idodi da yawa kamar ingantaccen haske, ƙarancin zafi, ƙaramin girma, tsawon rai da sauran fa'idodi da yawa. Yana da fa'idodi a bayyane a fannin hasken tsirrai. Masana'antar hasken tsirrai za ta ɗauki kayan hasken LED a hankali don noman shuke-shuke.

A. Matsayin ci gaban masana'antar hasken LED na girma 

1. Kunshin LED don hasken girma

A fannin marufi na hasken LED mai haske, akwai nau'ikan na'urorin marufi da yawa, kuma babu tsarin aunawa da kimantawa iri ɗaya. Saboda haka, idan aka kwatanta da kayayyakin cikin gida, masana'antun ƙasashen waje galibi suna mai da hankali kan manyan hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki, cob da module, suna la'akari da jerin hasken farin haske na hasken shuka, idan aka yi la'akari da halayen haɓakar shuka da yanayin hasken ɗan adam, suna da fa'idodi mafi girma na fasaha a cikin aminci, ingancin haske, halayen hasken photosynthetic na tsire-tsire daban-daban a cikin zagayowar girma daban-daban, gami da nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu ƙarfi, matsakaici da ƙarancin wutar lantarki na samfuran girma daban-daban, don biyan buƙatun tsire-tsire iri-iri a cikin yanayin girma daban-daban, suna tsammanin cimma burin haɓaka haɓakar shuka da adana makamashi.

Yawancin manyan kamfanonin mallaka na chip epitaxial wafers har yanzu suna hannun manyan kamfanoni kamar Nichia na Japan da American Career. Masu kera guntu na cikin gida har yanzu ba su da samfuran mallaka waɗanda ke da gasa a kasuwa. A lokaci guda, kamfanoni da yawa suna haɓaka sabbin fasahohi a fannin kwantena na hasken shuka. Misali, fasahar guntu na fim na Osram tana ba da damar haɗa guntu tare don ƙirƙirar babban saman haske. Dangane da wannan fasaha, tsarin hasken LED mai inganci tare da tsawon tsayi na 660nm zai iya rage kashi 40% na yawan amfani da makamashi a yankin noma.

2. Girman hasken da na'urori
Tsarin hasken shuka ya fi rikitarwa da bambance-bambance. Shuke-shuke daban-daban suna da manyan bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin da ake buƙata a cikin zagayowar girma daban-daban har ma a cikin yanayi daban-daban na girma. Domin biyan waɗannan buƙatu daban-daban, akwai tsare-tsare masu zuwa a cikin masana'antar: ① Tsarin haɗin haske mai launuka iri-iri. Mafi kyawun siffofi guda uku don photosynthesis na shuka sune galibin yanayin da ke da kololuwa a 450nm da 660nm, madaidaicin 730nm don haifar da furen shuka, tare da hasken kore na 525nm da madaidaicin ultraviolet ƙasa da 380nm. Haɗa waɗannan nau'ikan siffofi bisa ga buƙatun tsire-tsire daban-daban don samar da mafi kyawun yanayin da ya dace. ② Tsarin cikakken tsari don cimma cikakken ɗaukar nauyin buƙatun shuka. Wannan nau'in siffofi da ya dace da guntuwar SUNLIKE da Seoul Semiconductor da Samsung suka wakilta bazai zama mafi inganci ba, amma ya dace da dukkan tsire-tsire, kuma farashin ya fi ƙasa da na mafita na haɗin haske mai launuka iri-iri. ③Yi amfani da cikakken haske fari a matsayin babban tushe, tare da hasken ja mai girman 660nm a matsayin tsarin haɗin gwiwa don inganta tasirin bakan. Wannan tsarin ya fi araha kuma mai amfani.

Na'urorin marufi na hasken shuka masu launin monochromatic LED (babban tsawon tsayin su shine 450nm, 660nm, 730nm) suna da alaƙa da kamfanonin cikin gida da na waje da yawa, yayin da kayayyakin cikin gida suka fi bambanta kuma suna da ƙarin takamaiman bayanai, kuma samfuran masana'antun ƙasashen waje sun fi daidaito. A lokaci guda, dangane da kwararar photon mai ɗaukar hoto, ingancin haske, da sauransu, har yanzu akwai babban gibi tsakanin masana'antun marufi na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. Ga na'urorin marufi na hasken shuka masu launin monochromatic, ban da samfuran da ke da manyan madaukai na tsawon tsayi na 450nm, 660nm, da 730nm, masana'antun da yawa suna haɓaka sabbin samfura a cikin wasu madaukai na tsawon tsayi don cimma cikakken rufewa don tsawon tsayin hasken photo-synthetically active radiation (PAR) (450-730nm).

Fitilun girma na LED masu launuka iri-iri ba su dace da girmar dukkan tsirrai ba. Saboda haka, an haskaka fa'idodin LED masu launuka iri-iri. Dole ne cikakken bakan ya fara cimma cikakken rufewar cikakken bakan haske mai gani (400-700nm), kuma ya ƙara aikin waɗannan bakan guda biyu: haske mai launin shuɗi-kore (470-510nm), haske mai zurfi ja (660-700nm). Yi amfani da guntun LED mai launin shuɗi ko ultraviolet LED na yau da kullun tare da phosphor don cimma cikakken bakan, kuma ingancinsa na photosynthesis yana da nasa babban da ƙasa. Yawancin masana'antun na'urorin tattara hasken LED masu haske suna amfani da guntun shuɗi + phosphorus don cimma cikakken bakan. Baya ga yanayin marufi na haske mai launin shuɗi da guntun ultraviolet tare da phosphor don cimma farin haske, na'urorin tattara hasken shuka kuma suna da yanayin marufi mai haɗawa wanda ke amfani da guntun tsayi biyu ko fiye, kamar ja 10 blue/ultraviolet, RGB, RGBW. Wannan yanayin marufi yana da fa'idodi masu yawa a cikin rage haske.

Dangane da samfuran LED masu kunkuntar wavelength, yawancin masu samar da marufi na iya samar wa abokan ciniki samfuran tsayi daban-daban a cikin band 365-740nm. Dangane da bakan hasken shuka da phosphorus ke canzawa, yawancin masana'antun marufi suna da nau'ikan bakan iri-iri don abokan ciniki su zaɓa daga ciki. Idan aka kwatanta da 2016, ƙimar haɓakar tallace-tallace a 2017 ta sami ƙaruwa mai yawa. Daga cikinsu, ƙimar haɓakar tushen hasken LED na 660nm ya ta'allaka ne a cikin 20%-50%, kuma ƙimar haɓakar tallace-tallace na tushen hasken LED na shuka da phosphorus ke canzawa ya kai 50%-200%, wato, tallace-tallace na tushen hasken LED na shuka da phosphorus ke canzawa yana ƙaruwa da sauri.

Duk kamfanonin marufi za su iya samar da kayayyakin marufi na 0.2-0.9 W da 1-3 W na gaba ɗaya. Waɗannan tushen haske suna ba wa masana'antun haske damar samun sassauci mai kyau a cikin ƙirar haske. Bugu da ƙari, wasu masana'antun kuma suna ba da samfuran marufi masu ƙarfi da aka haɗa da ƙarfi. A halin yanzu, fiye da kashi 80% na jigilar kayayyaki na yawancin masana'antun shine 0.2-0.9 W ko 1-3 W. Daga cikinsu, jigilar kayayyaki na manyan kamfanonin marufi na duniya an tattara su ne a cikin 1-3 W, yayin da jigilar ƙananan da matsakaitan kamfanonin marufi an tattara su a cikin 0.2-0.9 W.

3. Fagen amfani da hasken shuka

Daga fannin amfani da shi, ana amfani da kayan hasken shuka a fannin hasken greenhouse, masana'antun hasken wucin gadi, al'adun ƙwayoyin shuka, hasken filin noma a waje, dasa kayan lambu da furanni a gida, da kuma binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje.

①A cikin gidajen kore na hasken rana da gidajen kore na tsawon lokaci, yawan hasken wucin gadi don ƙarin haske har yanzu yana da ƙasa, kuma fitilun halide na ƙarfe da fitilun sodium masu matsin lamba sune manyan. Yawan shigar da tsarin hasken LED girma yana da ƙasa kaɗan, amma ƙimar girma yana fara ƙaruwa yayin da farashin ke raguwa. Babban dalili shine cewa masu amfani suna da ƙwarewa na dogon lokaci na amfani da fitilun halide na ƙarfe da fitilun sodium masu matsin lamba, kuma amfani da fitilun halide na ƙarfe da fitilun sodium masu matsin lamba na iya samar da kusan kashi 6% zuwa 8% na makamashin zafi don gidan kore yayin da ake guje wa ƙonewa ga shuke-shuke. Tsarin hasken LED girma bai bayar da takamaiman umarni da tallafin bayanai ba, wanda ya jinkirta amfani da shi a cikin gidajen kore na hasken rana da gidajen kore na tsawon lokaci. A halin yanzu, aikace-aikacen nuni na ƙananan sikelin har yanzu shine babban tushe. Ganin cewa LED tushen haske ne mai sanyi, yana iya kasancewa kusa da rufin tsire-tsire, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin tasirin zafin jiki. A cikin gidajen kore na hasken rana da gidajen kore na tsawon lokaci, ana amfani da hasken LED girma a cikin noman tsire-tsire tsakanin shuke-shuke.

②Aikace-aikacen gonakin waje. Shigar da hasken shuke-shuke da amfani da su a fannin noma ya kasance a hankali, yayin da amfani da tsarin hasken shuke-shuken LED (sarrafa hasken rana) don amfanin gona na tsawon yini a waje tare da ƙimar tattalin arziki mai girma (kamar 'ya'yan itacen dragon) ya sami ci gaba cikin sauri.

③Masana'antun Masana'antu. A halin yanzu, tsarin hasken masana'antu mafi sauri kuma mafi amfani shine masana'antar hasken lantarki ta wucin gadi, wacce aka raba zuwa masana'antun masana'antu masu matakai da yawa da kuma rarrabawa ta rukuni. Ci gaban masana'antun masana'antun hasken lantarki ta wucin gadi a China yana da sauri sosai. Babban jarin da ke cikin masana'antar hasken lantarki ta wucin gadi mai matakai da yawa ba kamfanonin noma na gargajiya ba ne, amma kamfanoni ne da ke aiki a cikin kayayyakin lantarki na semiconductor da masu amfani da wutar lantarki, kamar Zhongke San'an, Foxconn, Panasonic Suzhou, Jingdong, da kuma COFCO da Xi Cui da sauran sabbin kamfanonin noma na zamani. A cikin masana'antun masana'antu masu rarrabawa da na hannu, ana amfani da kwantena na jigilar kaya (sabbin kwantena ko sake gina kwantena na hannu) har yanzu a matsayin masu jigilar kaya na yau da kullun. Tsarin hasken masana'antu na duk tsire-tsire na wucin gadi galibi suna amfani da tsarin hasken layi ko na faifan faifai, kuma adadin nau'ikan da aka dasa yana ci gaba da faɗaɗa. An fara amfani da hanyoyin hasken LED daban-daban na gwaji da kuma ko'ina. Kayayyakin da ke kasuwa galibi kayan lambu ne masu ganye kore.

④Dasa shuke-shuken gidaje. Ana iya amfani da LED a cikin fitilun tebur na shuke-shuken gida, rumfunan dasa shuke-shuken gida, injunan noman kayan lambu na gida, da sauransu.

⑤ Noman tsire-tsire masu magani. Noman tsire-tsire masu magani ya ƙunshi tsire-tsire kamar Anoectochilus da Lithospermum. Kayayyakin da ke cikin waɗannan kasuwannin suna da ƙimar tattalin arziki mafi girma kuma a halin yanzu masana'antu ne da ke da ƙarin aikace-aikacen hasken tsire-tsire. Bugu da ƙari, halatta noman cannabis a Arewacin Amurka da sassan Turai ya haɓaka amfani da hasken LED a fannin noman cannabis.

⑥Fitilun fure. A matsayin kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don daidaita lokacin fure na furanni a masana'antar lambun fure, amfani da fitilun fure na farko shine fitilun incandescent, sannan sai fitilun fluorescent masu adana makamashi. Tare da ci gaban masana'antar LED, ƙarin fitilun fure na irin LED sun maye gurbin fitilun gargajiya a hankali.

⑦Al'adar ƙwayoyin shuka. Tushen hasken al'adar ƙwayoyin halitta galibi fararen fitilu ne, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin haske da kuma samar da zafi mai yawa. LEDs sun fi dacewa da ingantaccen, sarrafawa da kuma ƙaramin al'adar ƙwayoyin shuka saboda kyawawan fasalulluka kamar ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki, ƙarancin samar da zafi da tsawon rai. A halin yanzu, fararen bututun LED suna maye gurbin fararen fitilun fluorescent a hankali.

4. Rarraba kamfanonin hasken wutar lantarki na yanki

A bisa kididdiga, a halin yanzu akwai kamfanonin samar da hasken wutar lantarki sama da 300 a ƙasata, kuma kamfanonin samar da hasken wutar lantarki a yankin Pearl River Delta sun kai sama da 50%, kuma sun riga sun kasance a babban matsayi. Kamfanonin samar da hasken wutar lantarki a Kogin Yangtze sun kai kusan kashi 30%, kuma har yanzu muhimmin yanki ne na samar da hasken wutar lantarki. Kamfanonin samar da hasken wutar lantarki na gargajiya galibi suna rarrabawa a Kogin Yangtze, Pearl River Delta da Bohai Rim, wanda Kogin Yangtze Delta ya kai kashi 53%, da Pearl River Delta da Bohai Rim sun kai kashi 24% da 22% bi da bi. Manyan wuraren rarraba hasken wutar lantarki na LED sune Pearl River Delta (62%), Yangtze River Delta (20%) da Bohai Rim (12%).

B. Tsarin ci gaban masana'antar hasken LED na girma

1. Ƙwarewa

Hasken LED mai girma yana da halaye na daidaitawar haske da ƙarfin haske, ƙarancin samar da zafi gabaɗaya, da kuma kyakkyawan aikin hana ruwa shiga, don haka ya dace da hasken girma a wurare daban-daban. A lokaci guda, canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayi da kuma neman mutane game da ingancin abinci sun haɓaka ci gaban masana'antun noma da noman amfanin gona, kuma sun jagoranci masana'antar hasken LED mai girma zuwa cikin lokacin ci gaba cikin sauri. A nan gaba, hasken LED mai girma zai taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta ingancin samar da amfanin gona, inganta amincin abinci, da inganta ingancin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu. Tushen hasken LED don hasken girma zai ƙara haɓaka tare da ƙwarewa a hankali na masana'antar kuma ya koma cikin alkibla mafi kyau.

2. Ingantaccen aiki

Inganta ingancin haske da ingancin makamashi shine mabuɗin rage yawan kuɗin aiki na hasken shuke-shuke. Amfani da LEDs don maye gurbin fitilun gargajiya da kuma inganta yanayin haske da daidaitawa bisa ga buƙatun tsarin haske na shuke-shuke daga matakin shuka zuwa matakin girbi sune hanyoyin da ba makawa na ingantaccen noma a nan gaba. Dangane da inganta yawan amfanin gona, ana iya noma shi a matakai da yankuna tare da tsarin haske bisa ga halayen ci gaban shuke-shuke don inganta ingancin samarwa da yawan amfanin ƙasa a kowane mataki. Dangane da inganta inganci, ana iya amfani da tsarin abinci mai gina jiki da daidaita haske don ƙara yawan abubuwan gina jiki da sauran sinadaran aiki na kula da lafiya.

A bisa kiyasi, bukatar shukar kayan lambu a yanzu a ƙasa ta kai biliyan 680, yayin da ƙarfin samar da shukar masana'antu bai kai kashi 10% ba. Masana'antar shukar tana da buƙatun muhalli mafi girma. Lokacin samarwa galibi hunturu ne da bazara. Hasken halitta yana da rauni kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin haske na wucin gadi. Hasken shukar yana da babban shigarwa da fitarwa da kuma babban matakin karɓar shigarwa. LED yana da fa'idodi na musamman, saboda 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu (tumatir, kokwamba, kankana, da sauransu) suna buƙatar a dasa su, kuma takamaiman nau'in ƙarin haske a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi mai yawa na iya haɓaka warkar da shukar da aka dasa. Ƙarin haske na shukar kayan lambu na greenhouse na iya rama rashin hasken halitta, inganta ingancin photosynthesis na shuka, haɓaka fure da 'ya'yan itace, ƙara yawan amfanin ƙasa, da inganta ingancin samfura. Hasken shukar LED yana da fa'idodi masu yawa na amfani a cikin shukar kayan lambu da samar da kore.

3. Mai Hankali

Hasken shukar da ake shukawa yana da matuƙar buƙatar sarrafa ingancin haske da kuma yawan haske a ainihin lokaci. Tare da haɓaka fasahar sarrafa hankali da kuma amfani da Intanet na Abubuwa, nau'ikan nau'ikan siffofi masu kama da juna da tsarin sarrafa hankali na iya cimma ikon sarrafa lokaci, sarrafa haske, kuma bisa ga yanayin girma na tsirrai, daidaita ingancin haske da fitowar haske a kan lokaci zai zama babban abin da ke haifar da ci gaban fasahar hasken shukar a nan gaba.