Chen Tongqiang, da sauransu. Fasahar injiniyan noma ta aikin lambun kore An buga a Beijing da ƙarfe 17:30 a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2023.

Kyakkyawan kula da rhizosphere EC da pH sune muhimman yanayi don cimma yawan amfanin tumatir a yanayin al'ada mara ƙasa a cikin greenhouse mai wayo. A cikin wannan labarin, an ɗauki tumatir a matsayin abin shuka, kuma an taƙaita kewayon rhizosphere EC da pH masu dacewa a matakai daban-daban, da kuma matakan fasaha masu dacewa idan akwai matsala, don samar da ma'auni don samar da ainihin shuka a cikin greenhouses na gilashi na gargajiya.

A bisa kididdigar da ba ta cika ba, yankin da ake dasa bishiyoyin kore masu amfani da gilashi a China ya kai 630hm2, kuma har yanzu yana faɗaɗa. Gilashin kore yana haɗa wurare da kayan aiki daban-daban, yana ƙirƙirar yanayin girma mai dacewa don girmar shuka. Kyakkyawan kula da muhalli, ban ruwa da taki daidai, aikin noma daidai da kariyar shuka su ne manyan abubuwa guda huɗu don cimma yawan amfanin gona mai yawa da ingancin tumatir. Dangane da ban ruwa daidai, manufarsa ita ce kiyaye ingantaccen rhizosphere EC, pH, abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa da kuma yawan ion na rhizosphere. Kyakkyawan rhizosphere EC da pH suna gamsar da ci gaban tushen da kuma shan ruwa da taki, wanda shine muhimmin abu don kiyaye ci gaban shuka, photosynthesis, transpiration da sauran halayen rayuwa. Saboda haka, kiyaye kyakkyawan yanayin rhizosphere sharaɗi ne mai mahimmanci don cimma yawan amfanin gona mai yawa.

Rashin iko na EC da pH a cikin rhizosphere zai yi tasiri mai canzawa akan daidaiton ruwa, ci gaban tushe, ingancin shan takin-tushe-rage-rage sinadarin gina jiki na shuke-shuke, yawan sinadarin ion na tushen-sharar taki-rage sinadarin gina jiki na shuke-shuke da sauransu. Shuka da samar da tumatir a cikin gilashin greenhouse yana ɗaukar al'adar da ba ta da ƙasa. Bayan an haɗa ruwa da taki, ana samun isar da ruwa da taki ta hanyar kibiyoyi masu faɗuwa. EC, pH, mita, dabara, adadin ruwan dawowa da lokacin fara ban ruwa zai shafi rhizosphere EC da pH kai tsaye. A cikin wannan labarin, an taƙaita rhizosphere EC da pH masu dacewa a kowane mataki na dasa tumatir, kuma an yi nazarin musabbabin rhizosphere EC da pH marasa kyau kuma an taƙaita matakan gyara, waɗanda suka ba da ma'ana da fasaha don ainihin samar da gidajen kore na gilashi na gargajiya.

Dacewar rhizosphere EC da pH a matakai daban-daban na girma tumatir

Ana nuna EC ɗin rhizosphere a cikin yawan ion na manyan abubuwan da ke cikin rhizosphere. Tsarin lissafin gwaji shine cewa jimlar anion da cajin cation an raba su da 20, kuma mafi girman ƙimar, mafi girman rhizosphere EC. EC ɗin rhizosphere mai dacewa zai samar da daidaitaccen yawan ion na abubuwa masu dacewa don tsarin tushen.

Gabaɗaya, ƙimarsa ƙasa ce (rhizosphere EC <2.0mS/cm). Saboda matsin lamba na ƙwayoyin tushe, zai haifar da buƙatar shan ruwa mai yawa ta tushen, wanda zai haifar da ƙarin ruwa kyauta a cikin tsire-tsire, kuma za a yi amfani da ruwan da ya wuce kima don tofa ganye, tsawaita ƙwayoyin halitta - girma mara amfani; Darajarsa tana kan babban ɓangare (rhizosphere na hunturu EC>8~10mS/cm, rhizosphere na bazara EC>5~7mS/cm). Tare da ƙaruwar rhizosphere EC, ƙarfin sha ruwa na tushen bai isa ba, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa ga tsire-tsire, kuma a cikin mawuyacin hali, tsire-tsire za su bushe (Hoto na 1). A lokaci guda, gasa tsakanin ganye da 'ya'yan itatuwa don ruwa zai haifar da raguwar yawan ruwan 'ya'yan itace, wanda zai shafi yawan amfanin ƙasa da ingancin 'ya'yan itace. Idan aka ƙara yawan sinadarin rhizosphere EC da 0~2mS/cm, yana da tasiri mai kyau kan ƙaruwar yawan sukari mai narkewa/ƙarfin 'ya'yan itace, daidaita girman shukar da kuma daidaiton girman haihuwa, don haka manoman tumatir ceri waɗanda ke neman inganci galibi suna ɗaukar mafi girman rhizosphere EC. An gano cewa sukari mai narkewa na kokwamba da aka dasa ya fi na sarrafawa girma a ƙarƙashin yanayin ban ruwa na ruwa mai laushi (3g/L na ruwan brackish da aka yi da kansu tare da rabon NaCl:MgSO4: An ƙara CaSO4 na 2:2:1 zuwa maganin abinci mai gina jiki). Halayen tumatir ceri na Dutch 'Honey' sune cewa yana riƙe da babban rhizosphere EC (8~10mS/cm) a duk lokacin samarwa, kuma 'ya'yan itacen suna da babban adadin sukari, amma yawan 'ya'yan itacen da aka gama yana da ƙarancin (5kg/m2).

pH na Rhizosphere (marasa siffa ɗaya) galibi yana nufin pH na maganin rhizosphere, wanda galibi yana shafar ruwan sama da narkewar kowane ion a cikin ruwa, sannan yana shafar tasirin kowane ion da tsarin tushen ke sha. Ga yawancin ions na abubuwa, kewayon pH ɗinsa mai dacewa shine 5.5 ~ 6.5, wanda zai iya tabbatar da cewa kowane ion zai iya sha ta tsarin tushen yadda ya kamata. Saboda haka, yayin da ake shuka tumatir, yakamata a kiyaye pH na rhizosphere a 5.5 ~ 6.5. Tebur na 1 yana nuna kewayon rhizosphere EC da sarrafa pH a cikin matakai daban-daban na girma na tumatir masu manyan 'ya'yan itace. Ga ƙananan tumatir masu ƙananan 'ya'yan itace, kamar tumatir ceri, rhizosphere EC a matakai daban-daban yana da 0 ~ 1mS/cm mafi girma fiye da na tumatir masu manyan 'ya'yan itace, amma duk an daidaita su bisa ga irin wannan yanayin.

Dalilai marasa kyau da ma'aunin daidaitawa na rhizosphere na tumatir EC

Rhizosphere EC tana nufin EC na maganin gina jiki a kusa da tushen tushen. Lokacin da aka shuka ulu na dutse na tumatir a Holland, manoma za su yi amfani da sirinji don tsotse maganin gina jiki daga ulu na dutse, kuma sakamakon ya fi wakilta. A cikin yanayi na al'ada, EC da aka dawo yana kusa da rhizosphere EC, don haka ana amfani da EC da aka dawo da samfurin a matsayin rhizosphere EC a China. Bambancin rhizosphere EC na yau da kullun yakan tashi bayan fitowar rana, yana fara raguwa kuma yana dawwama a lokacin kololuwar ban ruwa, kuma yana tashi a hankali bayan ban ruwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 2.

Babban dalilan da ke haifar da babban koma-baya na EC sune ƙarancin dawowar ruwa, yawan shigar ruwa da kuma ban ruwa a ƙarshen rana. Adadin ban ruwa a rana ɗaya ya yi ƙasa, wanda ke nuna cewa yawan dawowar ruwa a rana ɗaya ya yi ƙasa. Manufar dawo da ruwa ita ce a wanke substrate gaba ɗaya, a tabbatar da cewa rhizosphere EC, ruwan substrate da yawan ion rhizosphere suna cikin kewayon al'ada, kuma yawan dawowar ruwa yana da ƙasa, kuma tsarin tushen yana shan ruwa fiye da ions na elemental, wanda ke ƙara nuna ƙaruwar EC. Babban shigarwar EC kai tsaye yana kaiwa ga babban dawowar EC. A bisa ƙa'idar babban yatsa, dawowar EC ya fi 0.5 ~ 1.5ms/cm girma fiye da shigarwar EC. Ban ruwa na ƙarshe ya ƙare a farkon wannan rana, kuma ƙarfin haske har yanzu ya fi girma (300 ~ 450W/m2) bayan ban ruwa. Saboda kwararar tsire-tsire da radiation ke jagoranta, tsarin tushen ya ci gaba da shan ruwa, yawan ruwan da ke cikin substrate ya ragu, yawan ion ya ƙaru, sannan rhizosphere EC ya ƙaru. Idan rhizosphere EC ya yi yawa, ƙarfin radiation yana da yawa, kuma danshi yana da ƙasa, tsire-tsire suna fuskantar matsin lamba na ƙarancin ruwa, wanda hakan ke bayyana a matsayin bushewa (Hoto na 1, dama).

Ƙananan EC a cikin rhizosphere ya faru ne saboda yawan dawowar ruwa, kammala ban ruwa a ƙarshen lokaci, da kuma ƙarancin EC a cikin shigar ruwa, wanda zai ƙara ta'azzara matsalar. Babban adadin dawowar ruwa zai haifar da kusanci mara iyaka tsakanin EC na shiga da EC na dawowa. Lokacin da ban ruwa ya ƙare a makare, musamman a cikin kwanaki masu gajimare, tare da ƙarancin haske da zafi mai yawa, kwararar tsire-tsire ba ta da ƙarfi, rabon sha na ions na elemental ya fi na ruwa girma, kuma rabon raguwar yawan ruwan matrix ya yi ƙasa da na ion a cikin maganin, wanda zai haifar da ƙarancin EC na ruwa na dawowa. Saboda kumburin ƙwayoyin gashi na tushen shuka ya yi ƙasa da ƙarfin ruwa na maganin gina jiki na rhizosphere, tsarin tushen yana shan ruwa mai yawa kuma daidaiton ruwa ba shi da daidaito. Lokacin da kwararar ruwa ta yi rauni, za a fitar da shukar a cikin nau'in ruwan tofa (hoto na 1, hagu), kuma idan zafin jiki ya yi yawa da dare, shukar za ta yi girma a banza.

Ana auna daidaiton lokacin da rhizosphere EC ba ta da kyau: ① Idan EC ɗin da ke dawowa ya yi yawa, EC ɗin da ke shigowa ya kamata ya kasance cikin matsakaicin da ya dace. Gabaɗaya, EC ɗin da ke shigowa na manyan tumatir 'ya'yan itace shine 2.5 ~ 3.5mS/cm a lokacin rani da 3.5 ~ 4.0mS/cm a lokacin hunturu. Na biyu, inganta yawan dawowar ruwa, wanda yake kafin a yi ban ruwa mai yawan gaske da tsakar rana, kuma a tabbatar cewa dawowar ruwa tana faruwa a kowane ban ruwa. Yawan dawowar ruwa yana da alaƙa mai kyau da tarin radiation. A lokacin rani, lokacin da ƙarfin radiation har yanzu ya fi 450 W/m2 kuma tsawon lokacin ya fi minti 30, ya kamata a ƙara ƙaramin adadin ban ruwa (50 ~ 100mL/dripper) da hannu sau ɗaya, kuma ya fi kyau kada a sami komawar ruwa a zahiri. ② Lokacin da ƙimar dawowar ruwa ta yi ƙasa, manyan dalilan sune yawan dawowar ruwa, ƙarancin EC da kuma ban ruwa na ƙarshe. Ganin lokacin ban ruwa na ƙarshe, ban ruwa na ƙarshe yawanci yana ƙarewa awanni 2-5 kafin faɗuwar rana, yana ƙarewa da ranakun gajimare da hunturu kafin lokacin da aka tsara, kuma yana jinkirtawa a cikin ranakun rana da bazara. Kula da ƙimar dawowar ruwa, bisa ga tarin radiation na waje. Gabaɗaya, ƙimar dawowar ruwa ƙasa da kashi 10% ne lokacin da tarin radiation ya ƙasa da 500J/(cm2.d), da kuma 10% ~ 20% lokacin da tarin radiation ya kai 500~1000J/(cm2.d), da sauransu.

Dalilai marasa kyau da ma'aunin daidaitawa na pH na rhizosphere na tumatir

Gabaɗaya, pH na influent shine 5.5 kuma pH na leachate shine 5.5 ~ 6.5 a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau. Abubuwan da ke shafar rhizosphere pH sune dabara, matsakaicin al'ada, ƙimar leachate, ingancin ruwa da sauransu. Lokacin da rhizosphere pH ya yi ƙasa, zai ƙone tushen kuma ya narkar da matrix na ulu na dutse da gaske, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 3. Lokacin da rhizosphere pH ya yi yawa, shan Mn2+, Fe3+, Mg2+ da PO4 3- zai ragu, wanda zai haifar da rashin sinadaran, kamar ƙarancin manganese da ke haifar da babban pH na rhizosphere, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 4.

Dangane da ingancin ruwa, ruwan sama da membrane na RO suna da acidic, kuma pH na ruwan mama yawanci shine 3-4, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin pH na ruwan da ke shiga. Ana amfani da potassium hydroxide da potassium bicarbonate don daidaita pH na ruwan da ke shiga. Ruwan rijiya da ruwan ƙasa galibi ana sarrafa su ta hanyar nitric acid da phosphoric acid saboda suna ɗauke da HCO3 - wanda shine alkaline. Rashin daidaituwar pH na shiga zai shafi pH na dawowa kai tsaye, don haka ingantaccen pH na shiga shine tushen tsari. Dangane da substrate na noma, bayan dasawa, pH na ruwan da ke dawowa na substrate na bran kwakwa yana kusa da na ruwa mai shigowa, kuma rashin daidaituwar pH na ruwan da ke shigowa ba zai haifar da canjin pH na rhizosphere ba cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci saboda kyakkyawan kayan buffer na substrate. A ƙarƙashin noman ulu na dutse, ƙimar pH na ruwan da ke dawowa bayan mamaye yana da yawa kuma yana ɗorewa na dogon lokaci.

Dangane da dabara, bisa ga bambancin ƙarfin sha na ions ta tsirrai, ana iya raba shi zuwa gishirin acid na jiki da gishirin alkaline na jiki. Idan aka ɗauki NO3- a matsayin misali, lokacin da tsire-tsire suka sha 1mol na NO3-, tsarin tushen zai saki 1mol na OH-, wanda zai haifar da ƙaruwar rhizosphere pH, yayin da lokacin da tsarin tushen ya sha NH4+, zai fitar da irin wannan yawan H+, wanda zai haifar da raguwar rhizosphere pH. Saboda haka, nitrate gishiri ne na jiki, yayin da gishirin ammonium gishiri ne na acidic na jiki. Gabaɗaya, potassium sulfate, calcium ammonium nitrate da ammonium sulfate takin acid ne na jiki, potassium nitrate da calcium nitrate gishiri ne na alkaline na jiki, kuma ammonium nitrate gishiri ne mai tsaka tsaki. Tasirin yawan dawowar ruwa akan rhizosphere pH galibi yana bayyana ne a cikin fitar da maganin abinci mai gina jiki na rhizosphere, kuma rashin daidaituwar rhizosphere pH yana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin daidaituwar ion a cikin rhizosphere.

Ma'aunin daidaitawa lokacin da pH na rhizosphere ba shi da kyau: ① Da farko, duba ko pH na influent yana cikin kewayon da ya dace; (2) Lokacin amfani da ruwa mai ɗauke da ƙarin carbonate, kamar ruwan rijiya, marubucin ya taɓa gano cewa pH na influent ɗin al'ada ne, amma bayan ban ruwa ya ƙare a wannan ranar, an duba pH na influent ɗin kuma an gano ya ƙaru. Bayan bincike, dalilin da ya sa hakan shine cewa pH ɗin ya ƙaru saboda ma'aunin HCO3-, don haka ana ba da shawarar amfani da nitric acid a matsayin mai daidaita lokacin amfani da ruwan rijiya azaman tushen ruwan ban ruwa; (3) Lokacin da ake amfani da ulu na dutse azaman substrate na shuka, pH na maganin dawowa yana da yawa na dogon lokaci a farkon matakin shuka. A wannan yanayin, pH na maganin da ke shigowa ya kamata a rage shi yadda ya kamata zuwa 5.2~5.5, kuma a lokaci guda, ya kamata a ƙara yawan gishirin acid na jiki, kuma ya kamata a yi amfani da calcium ammonium nitrate maimakon calcium nitrate kuma a yi amfani da potassium sulfate maimakon potassium nitrate. Ya kamata a lura cewa yawan NH4+ bai kamata ya wuce 1/10 na jimlar N a cikin dabarar ba. Misali, idan jimlar yawan N (NO3- +NH4+) a cikin tasirin shine 20mmol/L, yawan NH4+ bai kai 2mmol/L ba, kuma ana iya amfani da potassium sulfate maimakon potassium nitrate, amma ya kamata a lura cewa yawan SO4^2-Ba a ba da shawarar a yi amfani da ruwa wajen dawo da ruwa fiye da 6-8 mmol/L ba; (4) Dangane da yawan ruwan da ake samu, ya kamata a ƙara yawan ban ruwa a kowane lokaci kuma a wanke substrate ɗin, musamman lokacin da ake amfani da ulu na dutse don shuka, don haka ba za a iya daidaita pH na rhizosphere cikin sauri cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ta hanyar amfani da gishirin acid na jiki ba, don haka ya kamata a ƙara adadin ban ruwa don daidaita pH na rhizosphere zuwa matsakaicin iyaka da wuri-wuri.

Takaitaccen Bayani

Tsarin rhizosphere EC da pH mai dacewa shine tushen tabbatar da shan ruwa da taki yadda ya kamata ta hanyar tushen tumatir. Ƙananan ƙima za su haifar da ƙarancin sinadarin gina jiki na shuka, rashin daidaiton daidaiton ruwa (ƙarancin ruwa/ruwa mai yawa), ƙone tushen (babban EC da ƙarancin pH) da sauran matsaloli. Saboda jinkirin rashin daidaituwar shuka da rhizosphere EC da pH marasa kyau suka haifar, da zarar matsalar ta faru, yana nufin cewa rashin daidaituwar rhizosphere EC da pH sun faru na tsawon kwanaki da yawa, kuma tsarin komawar shuka zuwa al'ada zai ɗauki lokaci, wanda ke shafar fitarwa da inganci kai tsaye. Saboda haka, yana da mahimmanci a gano EC da pH na ruwa mai shigowa da dawowa kowace rana.

ƘARSHE

[Bayanan da aka ambata] Chen Tongqiang, Xu Fengjiao, Ma Tiemin, da sauransu. Hanyar sarrafa EC da pH ta hanyar noman tumatir ba tare da ƙasa ba a cikin gidan kore na gilashi [J]. Fasahar Injiniyan Noma, 2022,42(31):17-20.