Chen Tongqiang, da sauransu. Fasahar injiniyan aikin gona na aikin lambun da aka buga a birnin Beijing da ƙarfe 17:30 ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2023.

Kyakkyawan rhizosphere EC da kulawar pH sune mahimman yanayi don cimma yawan yawan tumatir a yanayin al'adun mara ƙasa a cikin gilashin gilashi mai kaifin baki.A cikin wannan labarin, an dauki tumatir a matsayin abin dasa shuki, kuma an taƙaita kewayon rhizosphere EC da pH masu dacewa a matakai daban-daban, da kuma matakan fasaha masu dacewa na sarrafawa idan akwai rashin daidaituwa, don ba da shawara ga ainihin dasa shuki. gilas na gargajiya.

Bisa kididdigar da ba ta kammalu ba, yankin dasa shuki na gine-ginen gilashin gilashi da yawa a kasar Sin ya kai 630hm2, kuma har yanzu yana kara fadada.Gilashin gilashin ya haɗu da wurare daban-daban da kayan aiki, ƙirƙirar yanayin haɓaka mai dacewa don haɓaka shuka.Kyakkyawan kula da muhalli, ingantaccen ban ruwa da taki, ingantaccen aikin noma da kare shuka sune manyan abubuwa guda huɗu don samun yawan amfanin ƙasa da ingancin tumatir.Dangane da madaidaicin ban ruwa, manufarsa ita ce kiyaye rhizosphere EC mai kyau, pH, abun ciki na ruwa da kuma maida hankali na rhizosphere ion.Kyakkyawan rhizosphere EC da pH suna gamsar da ci gaban tushen da sha da ruwa da taki, wanda shine buƙatun da ake buƙata don kiyaye ci gaban shuka, photosynthesis, transpiration da sauran halayen rayuwa.Sabili da haka, kiyaye kyakkyawan yanayin rhizosphere shine yanayin da ya dace don samun yawan amfanin gona.

Rashin kula da EC da pH a cikin rhizosphere zai sami tasirin da ba za a iya jurewa ba akan ma'auni na ruwa, ci gaban tushen, tushen-taki mai inganci-rashin abinci mai gina jiki, tushen ion taro-taki sha-rashi na gina jiki da sauransu.Dasa tumatir da samar da a cikin gilashin greenhouse yana ɗaukar al'adun marasa ƙasa.Bayan an haɗa ruwa da taki, haɗaɗɗen isar da ruwa da taki ana samun su ta hanyar faɗuwar kibiyoyi.EC, pH, mita, dabara, adadin dawowar ruwa da lokacin fara ban ruwa na ban ruwa zai shafi rhizosphere EC da pH kai tsaye.A cikin wannan labarin, an taƙaita rhizosphere EC da pH masu dacewa a kowane mataki na dasa tumatir, kuma an yi nazarin abubuwan da ke haifar da rhizosphere EC da pH mara kyau kuma an taƙaita matakan gyarawa, wanda ya ba da tunani da fasaha na fasaha don ainihin samar da gilashin gargajiya. greenhouses.

Dace da rhizosphere EC da pH a matakai daban-daban na girma na tumatir

Rhizosphere EC yana nunawa a cikin ion taro na manyan abubuwa a cikin rhizosphere.Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga mai ma'ana ita ce jimlar anion da cation an raba ta 20, kuma mafi girman darajar, mafi girma rhizosphere EC.Dace rhizosphere EC zai samar da dace da kuma uniform adadin ion maida hankali ga tushen tsarin.

Gabaɗaya magana, ƙimar sa ƙasa ce (rhizosphere EC <2.0mS/cm).Saboda kumburin sel na tushen, zai haifar da yawan buƙatar ruwa ta hanyar tushen, yana haifar da ƙarin ruwa mai kyauta a cikin tsire-tsire, kuma za a yi amfani da ruwan da ya wuce gona da iri don tofa ganye, haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta- shuka tsiro na banza;Darajarsa yana kan babban gefen (hunturu rhizosphere EC> 8 ~ 10mS / cm, rani rhizosphere EC> 5 ~ 7mS / cm).Tare da haɓakar rhizosphere EC, ƙarfin ɗaukar ruwa na tushen bai isa ba, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa na shuke-shuke, kuma a cikin lokuta masu tsanani, tsire-tsire za su bushe (Figure 1).A lokaci guda kuma, gasa tsakanin ganye da 'ya'yan itace na ruwa zai haifar da raguwar abubuwan ruwan 'ya'yan itace, wanda zai shafi yawan amfanin gona da ingancin 'ya'yan itace.Lokacin da rhizosphere EC ya karu ta hanyar 0 ~ 2mS / cm, yana da tasiri mai kyau akan haɓakar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, don haka masu girbi tumatir ceri suka Bi ingancin sau da yawa dauki mafi girma rhizosphere EC.An gano cewa sukari mai narkewa na kokwamba mai narkewa ya fi girma fiye da na sarrafawa a ƙarƙashin yanayin ban ruwa na brackish (3g / L na ruwan brackish da aka yi da kansa tare da rabon NaCl: MgSO4: CaSO4 na 2: 2: 1) an ƙara shi zuwa maganin gina jiki).Halayen tumatir ceri na Dutch 'Honey' shine cewa yana kula da babban rhizosphere EC (8 ~ 10mS / cm) a duk tsawon lokacin samarwa, kuma 'ya'yan itacen suna da babban abun ciki na sukari, amma yawan amfanin 'ya'yan itacen da aka gama yana da ƙasa kaɗan (5kg/ m2).

Rhizosphere pH (unitless) galibi yana nufin pH na maganin rhizosphere, wanda galibi yana shafar hazo da narkar da kowane sinadarin ion a cikin ruwa, sannan yana shafar tasirin kowane ion da tushen tsarin ke sha.Don yawancin ions na ions, kewayon pH ɗin sa mai dacewa shine 5.5 ~ 6.5, wanda zai iya tabbatar da cewa kowane ion zai iya ɗauka ta hanyar tushen tsarin kullum.Sabili da haka, a lokacin dasa tumatir, rhizosphere pH ya kamata a kiyaye shi koyaushe a 5.5 ~ 6.5.Teburin 1 yana nuna kewayon rhizosphere EC da sarrafa pH a cikin matakan girma daban-daban na manyan tumatir.Don ƙananan tumatir, irin su tumatir cherry, rhizosphere EC a matakai daban-daban yana da 0 ~ 1mS / cm sama da na tumatir masu girma, amma duk an daidaita su bisa ga yanayin iri ɗaya.

Dalilai marasa kyau da matakan daidaitawa na tumatir rhizosphere EC

Rhizosphere EC yana nufin EC na maganin gina jiki a kusa da tsarin tushen.Lokacin da aka dasa ulun dutsen tumatir a Holland, masu shuka za su yi amfani da sirinji don tsotse maganin gina jiki daga ulun dutse, kuma sakamakon ya fi wakilci.A karkashin yanayi na al'ada, dawowar EC yana kusa da rhizosphere EC, don haka ana amfani da samfurin dawowar EC a matsayin rhizosphere EC a kasar Sin.Bambancin rhizosphere EC gabaɗaya yana tasowa bayan fitowar rana, yana fara raguwa kuma ya tsaya tsayin daka a kololuwar ban ruwa, kuma a hankali yana tashi bayan ban ruwa, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 2.

Babban dalilan da ke haifar da babban dawowar EC sune ƙarancin dawowa, yawan shigar EC da kuma marigayi ban ruwa.Adadin ban ruwa a wannan rana ya ragu, wanda ke nuna cewa adadin dawowar ruwa ya ragu.Dalilin dawowar ruwa shine don wanke substrate gabaɗaya, tabbatar da cewa rhizosphere EC, abun ciki na ruwa da abun ciki na rhizosphere ion suna cikin kewayon al'ada, kuma adadin dawowar ruwa ya ragu, kuma tushen tsarin yana ɗaukar ruwa fiye da ions na elemental, wanda ya kara nuna karuwar EC.Babban mashigai EC kai tsaye yana kaiwa ga babban dawowar EC.Dangane da ka'idar babban yatsa, dawowar EC shine 0.5 ~ 1.5ms / cm sama da EC mai shiga.Ruwan ruwa na ƙarshe ya ƙare a farkon wannan ranar, kuma ƙarfin hasken ya kasance mafi girma (300 ~ 450W / m2) bayan ban ruwa.Saboda motsin tsire-tsire da radiation ke motsawa, tushen tsarin ya ci gaba da sha ruwa, abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa ya ragu, ƙwayar ion ya karu, sa'an nan kuma rhizosphere EC ya karu.Lokacin da rhizosphere EC ya yi girma, ƙarfin radiation yana da girma, kuma zafi yana da ƙasa, tsire-tsire suna fuskantar matsalolin rashin ruwa, wanda aka bayyana da gaske a matsayin bushewa (Hoto 1, dama).

Karancin EC a cikin rhizosphere ya samo asali ne saboda yawan dawowar ruwa mai yawa, da ƙarshen kammala aikin ban ruwa, da ƙarancin EC a cikin shigar ruwa, wanda zai ƙara tsananta matsalar.Babban adadin dawowar ruwa zai haifar da kusanci marar iyaka tsakanin mashigin EC da dawowar EC.Lokacin da ban ruwa ya ƙare a makare, musamman a cikin kwanakin girgije, haɗe tare da ƙananan haske da zafi mai zafi, ƙwanƙwasa tsire-tsire ba ta da ƙarfi, rabon ion na asali ya fi na ruwa girma, kuma raguwar rabon ruwa na matrix ya yi ƙasa da haka. na ion maida hankali a cikin bayani, wanda zai haifar da low EC na dawo da ruwa.Saboda kumburin matsa lamba na tsire-tsire tushen gashi ya fi ƙasa da yuwuwar ruwa na maganin rhizosphere na gina jiki, tushen tsarin yana sha ruwa mai yawa kuma ma'aunin ruwa bai daidaita ba.Lokacin da rashin ƙarfi ya yi rauni, za a fitar da shuka a cikin hanyar tofa ruwa (Figure 1, hagu), kuma idan zafin jiki ya yi girma da dare, shuka zai yi girma a banza.

Matakan daidaitawa lokacin da rhizosphere EC ba ta da kyau: ① Lokacin da dawowar EC yayi girma, EC mai shigowa yakamata ya kasance cikin kewayon da ya dace.Gabaɗaya, EC mai shigowa na manyan 'ya'yan itacen tumatir shine 2.5 ~ 3.5mS/cm a lokacin rani da 3.5 ~ 4.0mS/cm a cikin hunturu.Abu na biyu, inganta yawan dawowar ruwa, wanda shine kafin yawan ruwan noman ruwa da tsakar rana, da kuma tabbatar da dawowar ruwa yana faruwa a kowane ban ruwa.Adadin dawowar ruwa yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da tarin radiation.A lokacin rani, lokacin da zafin radiation har yanzu ya fi 450 W / m2 kuma tsawon lokaci ya fi 30 min, karamin adadin ban ruwa (50 ~ 100mL / dripper) ya kamata a kara da hannu sau ɗaya, kuma yana da kyau kada a dawo da ruwa. yana faruwa m.② Lokacin da yawan dawowar ruwa ya yi ƙasa, manyan dalilan sune babban adadin dawowar ruwa, ƙarancin EC da ƙarshen ban ruwa na ƙarshe.Bisa la'akari da lokacin ban ruwa na ƙarshe, ban ruwa na ƙarshe yakan ƙare 2 ~ 5h kafin faɗuwar rana, yana ƙarewa a cikin ranakun gajimare da hunturu kafin lokacin tsarawa, kuma jinkirta a cikin ranakun rana da bazara.Sarrafa adadin dawowar ruwa, bisa ga tarin radiyo na waje.Gabaɗaya, adadin dawowar ruwa bai wuce 10% ba lokacin da tarin radiation ya gaza 500J/(cm2.d), da 10% ~ 20% lokacin da tarin radiation ya kasance 500 ~ 1000J / (cm2.d), da sauransu. .

Abubuwan da ba su da kyau da kuma daidaita matakan tumatir rhizosphere pH

Gabaɗaya, pH na mai tasiri shine 5.5 kuma pH na leachate shine 5.5 ~ 6.5 a ƙarƙashin kyakkyawan yanayi.Abubuwan da ke shafar pH na rhizosphere sune dabara, matsakaicin al'adu, ƙimar leachate, ingancin ruwa da sauransu.Lokacin da rhizosphere pH yayi ƙasa, zai ƙone tushen kuma ya narkar da matrix dutsen ulu da gaske, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 3. Lokacin da rhizosphere pH ya yi girma, za a rage sha na Mn2 +, Fe 3+, Mg2 + da PO4 3-. , wanda zai haifar da faruwar rashi na sinadarai, kamar ƙarancin manganese da ke haifar da babban rhizosphere pH, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 4.

Dangane da ingancin ruwa, ruwan sama da RO membrane tace ruwa ne acidic, kuma pH na uwa barasa ne kullum 3 ~ 4, wanda take kaiwa zuwa low pH na shigar barasa.Potassium hydroxide da potassium bicarbonate galibi ana amfani da su don daidaita pH na barasa mai shiga.Ruwan ruwa da ruwan ƙasa galibi ana sarrafa su ta hanyar nitric acid da phosphoric acid saboda suna ɗauke da HCO3-wanda shine alkaline.Matsakaicin pH mara kyau zai shafi dawowar pH kai tsaye, don haka madaidaicin pH shine tushen tsari.Dangane da abin da ake shukawa, bayan dasa shuki, pH na ruwa mai dawowa na kwakwa bran substrate yana kusa da na ruwa mai shigowa, kuma ƙarancin pH na ruwan da ke shigowa ba zai haifar da canjin rhizosphere pH cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ba. Kyakkyawan kayan buffering na substrate.Ƙarƙashin noman ulu na dutse, ƙimar pH na dawowar ruwa bayan mulkin mallaka yana da girma kuma yana dadewa.

Dangane da dabara, bisa ga iyawar ions daban-daban ta tsire-tsire, ana iya raba shi zuwa salts acid physiological da salts alkaline physiological.Ɗaukar NO3- a matsayin misali, lokacin da tsire-tsire suka sha 1mol na NO3-, tushen tsarin zai saki 1mol na OH-, wanda zai haifar da karuwar rhizosphere pH, yayin da tushen tsarin ya sha NH4+, zai saki irin wannan maida hankali. H +, wanda zai haifar da raguwar rhizosphere pH.Saboda haka, nitrate gishiri ne na asali na physiologically, yayin da ammonium gishiri shine gishiri mai acidic.Gabaɗaya, potassium sulfate, calcium ammonium nitrate da ammonium sulfate sune takin mai magani physiological acid, potassium nitrate da calcium nitrate sune gishirin alkaline na physiological, kuma ammonium nitrate gishiri ne na tsaka tsaki.Tasirin ƙimar dawowar ruwa akan rhizosphere pH yana nunawa a cikin tarwatsewar maganin rhizosphere na gina jiki, kuma pH mara kyau na rhizosphere yana haifar da rashin daidaituwa na ion a cikin rhizosphere.

Matakan daidaitawa lokacin da rhizosphere pH ba su da kyau: ① Na farko, bincika ko pH na tasiri yana cikin kewayon da ya dace;(2) Lokacin amfani da ruwa mai ɗauke da carbonate da yawa, kamar ruwan rijiyar, marubucin ya taɓa gano cewa pH na masu tasiri ya kasance al'ada, amma bayan ban ruwa ya ƙare a wannan rana, an bincika pH na tasirin kuma an gano yana ƙaruwa.Bayan bincike, dalili mai yiwuwa shine cewa pH ya karu saboda buffer na HCO3-, don haka ana bada shawarar yin amfani da nitric acid a matsayin mai sarrafawa lokacin amfani da ruwa mai kyau a matsayin tushen ruwa na ban ruwa;(3) Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ulun dutse a matsayin dasa shuki, pH na maganin dawowa yana da tsawo na dogon lokaci a farkon matakin dasa.A wannan yanayin, ya kamata a rage pH na maganin mai shigowa daidai zuwa 5.2 ~ 5.5, kuma a lokaci guda, ya kamata a ƙara yawan adadin gishiri na acid physiological, kuma a yi amfani da ammonium nitrate a maimakon alli nitrate da potassium sulfate. a yi amfani da maimakon potassium nitrate.Ya kamata a lura cewa adadin NH4+ bai kamata ya wuce 1/10 na jimlar N a cikin dabara ba.Misali, lokacin da jimlar N (NO3- + NH4+) a cikin masu tasiri ya kai 20mmol/L, ƙimar NH4+ bai wuce 2mmol/L ba, kuma ana iya amfani da potassium sulfate maimakon potassium nitrate, amma ya kamata a lura cewa. Babban darajar SO4^2-a cikin ban ruwa mai tasiri ba a ba da shawarar wuce 6 ~ 8 mmol / L;(4) Dangane da batun dawo da ruwa, yakamata a ƙara adadin ban ruwa a kowane lokaci kuma a wanke abin da ake amfani da shi, musamman lokacin da ake amfani da ulun dutse don shuka, don haka ba za a iya daidaita pH rhizosphere da sauri cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ta hanyar amfani da ilimin lissafi. gishiri acid, don haka adadin ban ruwa ya kamata a ƙara don daidaita pH rhizosphere zuwa kewayon da ya dace da wuri-wuri.

Takaitawa

Madaidaicin kewayon rhizosphere EC da pH shine jigo don tabbatar da shayar da ruwa da taki na yau da kullun ta tushen tumatir.Ƙimar da ba ta dace ba za ta haifar da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, rashin daidaituwa na ruwa (ƙananan ruwa / ruwa mai yawa), ƙona tushen (high EC da low pH) da sauran matsaloli.Saboda jinkirin rashin lafiyar shuka ta hanyar rashin daidaituwa na rhizosphere EC da pH, da zarar matsalar ta faru, yana nufin cewa rhizosphere EC da pH sun faru na kwanaki da yawa, kuma tsarin dawowar shuka zai ɗauki lokaci, wanda kai tsaye ya shafi rhizosphere EC da pH. fitarwa da inganci.Saboda haka, yana da mahimmanci don gano EC da pH na mai shigowa da dawo da ruwa kowace rana.

KARSHE

Chen Tongqiang, Xu Fengjiao, Ma Tiemin, da dai sauransu. Rhizosphere EC da tsarin kula da pH na al'adun tumatir marasa ƙasa a cikin gilashin gilashi [J].Fasahar Injiniyan Aikin Noma, 2022,42(31):17-20.