Marubuci: Changji Zhou, Hongbo Li, da dai sauransu.

Tushen labarin: Fasahar Injiniyan Aikin Noma ta Greenhouse

Wannan shine tushen gwaji na Cibiyar Kimiyyar Aikin Noma ta gundumar Haidian, da kuma Nunin Nunin Fasahar Noma na Haidian da Park Science.A cikin 2017, marubucin ya jagoranci gabatar da wani nau'in gwajin fim na filastik da yawa tare da babban rufin thermal daga Koriya ta Kudu.A halin yanzu, Darakta Zheng ya mayar da shi zuwa wani nau'i na samar da strawberry mai hade da nunin fasaha, yawon bude ido da karba, nishadi da nishadi.Ana kiran sa "5G Cloud Strawberry", kuma zan kai ku ku dandana shi tare.

Shuka Strawberry Greenhouse da Amfanin Sararin sa

Strawberry shiryayye da tsarin rataye

Ramin noma da hanyar noma

Ramin noman yana mai da hankali kan samar da ruwa da magudanar ruwa a kasan ramin noman, kuma an ɗaga gefen waje a tsakiyar saman ƙasa na ramin noman a cikin dogon shugabanci (daga cikin ramin noman, rami na ƙasa. an kafa shi a kasa).Babban ruwan da ake samar da shi a ramin noma ana shi ne kai tsaye a cikin wannan ramin na ƙasa, kuma ruwan da ya zubo daga wurin noman shi ma ana tattara shi a cikin wannan ramin ɗin daidai gwargwado, kuma a ƙarshe an fitar da shi daga ƙarshen ramin noman.

Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na dasa shuki strawberries tare da tukunyar namo shine cewa an raba kasan tukunyar namo daga ƙasan ƙasa na ramin namo, kuma ba za a samar da wani babban ruwa mai zurfi a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren substrate ba, da kuma samun iska na gaba ɗaya. substrate yana inganta;Za ta yada tare da kwararar ruwan ban ruwa;na uku, ba za a sami ɗigogi ba lokacin da aka shigar da substrate a cikin tukunyar noma, kuma shiryayyen noman yana da kyau kuma yana da kyau gaba ɗaya.Rashin lahani na wannan hanya shine musamman cewa ɗigon ruwa da shuka tukwane yana ƙara saka hannun jari a aikin gina kayan aiki.

Girma ramummuka da tukwane

Tsarin rataye na noma da tsarin ɗagawa

A rataye da dagawa tsarin na namo shiryayye ne m guda da na gargajiya strawberry dagawa namo shiryayye.Kullin rataye na ramin noma yana kewaye da ramin noma, kuma yana haɗa ɗigon rataye da dabaran juyawa tare da dunƙule kwandon fure mai tsayi mai daidaitacce (an yi amfani da shi don daidaita daidaiton tsayin shigarwa na ramin noma).A kan ƙananan maƙallan, ɗayan ƙarshen yana rauni a kan dabaran da aka haɗa da mashin motar motar motar.

Cultivation shiryayye rataye tsarin

Dangane da tsarin hanger na duniya gabaɗaya, don biyan buƙatun nau'in nau'in giciye na musamman na ramin noma da buƙatun nunin yawon buɗe ido, wasu na'urorin haɗi da kayan aiki kuma an ƙirƙira su da sabbin abubuwa anan.

(1) Cultivation shelf rataye.Kullin rataye na shiryayye na noma da farko shine rufaffiyar madauki, wanda aka samo shi ta hanyar lankwasa da walda wayar karfe.Sashin giciye na kowane bangare na ƙugiya mai rataye iri ɗaya ne, kuma kayan aikin injiniya sun daidaita;Bangaren ƙasa na ramin kuma yana ɗaukar lanƙwasa rabin madauwari daidai;na uku shi ne don ninka tsakiyar zare a cikin wani m kwana, da kuma babba zare ne kai tsaye kamu a lankwasawa batu, wanda ba kawai tabbatar da barga cibiyar nauyi na namo Ramin, amma kuma ba ya faruwa a kaikaice nakasawa, da kuma Hakanan yana tabbatar da cewa an ɗaure shi da aminci kuma ba zai zame ya rabu ba.

Cultivation shiryayye zare

(2) Amintaccen igiya mai ratayewa.Dangane da tsarin rataye na gargajiya, ana shigar da ƙarin tsarin rataye aminci kowane 6m tare da tsayin ramin noma.Abubuwan buƙatun don ƙarin tsarin rataye aminci sune, na farko, don yin aiki tare tare da tsarin rataye tuƙi;na biyu, don samun isasshen ƙarfin ɗauka.Domin cimma waɗannan buƙatun aikin da ke sama, an ƙirƙira saitin tsarin rataye na na'urar busar da ruwa don janye igiyar rataye na ramin noma.An shirya winder na bazara a layi daya tare da igiya mai rataye, kuma an rataye shi kuma an daidaita shi akan ƙananan igiyoyin greenhouse.

Ƙarin Tsarin Dakatar da Tsaro

Kayan aikin samar da taimako na taragon noma

(1) Tsarin katin shuka.Tsarin kati na shuka da aka ambata anan ya ƙunshi sassa biyu: ɓangarorin kati na shuka da igiya mai launi.A cikin su, madaidaicin kati na shuka taro ne wanda ya ƙunshi kati mai lanƙwasa juzu'i da kati mai siffa U da kuma kati mai siffar U mai sandunan iyaka biyu.Ƙasa da ƙananan rabin katin folded U-dimbin yawa sun dace da ma'auni na waje na ramin noman, kuma suna kewaye da ramin noma daga ƙasa;bayan rassansa guda biyu sun wuce buɗaɗɗen matsayi na ramin noma, yin lanƙwasa don haɗa sandunan iyaka biyu, sannan kuma yana taka rawar hana nakasar buɗewar ramin noma;karamar lankwasa ce mai siffa U wacce take sama sama, wacce ake amfani da ita wajen gyara igiyar raba ganyen 'ya'yan itace;babban ɓangaren katin U-dimbin yawa shine lanƙwasawa mai siffar W don gyara rassan strawberry da barin igiya.Katin nadadden nau'i-nau'i na U da sanda mai iyaka biyu duk ana samun su ta hanyar lankwasa waya ta galvanized.

Ana amfani da igiya na rabuwa da ganyen itace don tattara rassan rassan da ganyen strawberry a cikin buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen ramin noman, da kuma rataya 'ya'yan itacen strawberry a waje da ramin namo, wanda ba kawai dace da ɗaukar 'ya'yan itace ba, amma kuma yana kare strawberry daga. da kai tsaye spraying na ruwa magani, kuma zai iya inganta ornamental ingancin strawberry dasa.

Tsarin katin shuka

(2) rawaya mai motsi.An ƙera ratsin rawaya mai motsi na musamman, wato, sandar igiya ta tsaye don rataye allon rawaya da shuɗi akan alƙalami, wanda za'a iya sanya shi kai tsaye a ƙasan greenhouse kuma ana iya motsa shi a kowane lokaci.

(3) Motar kariya ta shuka mai tuka kanta.Ana iya sawa wannan motar da injin feshi na kariya daga tsirrai, wato injin feshi ta atomatik, wanda zai iya gudanar da ayyukan kare tsirrai ba tare da masu aiki a cikin gida ba bisa hanyar da aka tsara na kwamfuta, wanda zai iya kare lafiyar masu aikin lambu.

kayan aikin kariya na shuka

Tsarin Samar da Gina Jiki da Ban ruwa

Tsarin samar da kayan abinci na gina jiki da tsarin ban ruwa na wannan aikin ya kasu kashi 3: daya shine sashin shirye-shiryen ruwa bayyananne;na biyu shine tsarin ban ruwa da takin strawberry;na uku shine tsarin sake amfani da ruwa don noman strawberry.Kayan aiki don shirya ruwa mai tsafta da tsarin tsarin abinci mai gina jiki ana kiransa gaba ɗaya a matsayin shugaban ban ruwa, kuma kayan aikin samarwa da mayar da ruwa ga amfanin gona ana kiransa kayan aikin ban ruwa.

Tsarin Samar da Gina Jiki da Ban ruwa

Gaban ban ruwa

Kayan aikin tanadin ruwa mai tsafta yakamata a sanye su da yashi da tace tsakuwa don cire yashi, da kayan laushin ruwa don cire gishiri.Ruwa mai tsabta da aka tace da laushi ana adana su a cikin tankin ajiya don amfani daga baya.

Kayan aiki na daidaitawa na maganin gina jiki gabaɗaya sun haɗa da tankunan albarkatun ƙasa guda uku don takin A da B, da tankin acid don daidaita pH, da saitin mahaɗin taki.A yayin aiki, ana saita maganin haja a cikin tankunan A, B da tankin acid kuma ana haɗe su daidai gwargwado ta injin taki bisa ga tsarin da aka saita don samar da ingantaccen sinadarin gina jiki, sannan a adana danyen na'urar da injin taki ya daidaita a cikin hannun jari. tankin ajiyar bayani don jiran aiki.

Kayan aikin shirye-shiryen maganin abinci mai gina jiki

Samar da ruwa da tsarin dawowa don dashen strawberry

Tsarin samar da ruwa da dawowa don dashen strawberry yana ɗaukar hanyar samar da ruwa ta tsakiya da dawowa a ƙarshen ramin noman.Tun da ramin noma ya ɗauki hanyar ɗagawa da ratayewa, ana amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan biyu don samar da ruwa da bututu na ramin noman: ɗaya shine tsayayyen bututu;ɗayan kuma bututu ne mai sassauƙa wanda ke motsawa sama da ƙasa tare da ramin noma.A lokacin ban ruwa da hadi, ana aika da ruwa daga tankin ruwa mai tsabta da danyen tankin ajiyar ruwa zuwa na'ura mai hade da ruwa da taki don hadawa bisa ga tsarin da aka saita (hanya mai sauƙi na iya amfani da ma'ajin taki mai ma'ana, kamar Venturi. , da sauransu, wanda za'a iya yin amfani da shi ko kuma ba za a iya motsa shi ba) sannan a aika zuwa saman rataye na noma ta hanyar babban bututun samar da ruwa (ana sanya bututun samar da ruwa mai mahimmanci a kan tudu na greenhouse tare da tsawon lokacin greenhouse), da kuma bututun roba mai sassauƙa yana jagorantar ruwan ban ruwa daga babban bututun samar da ruwa zuwa ƙarshen kowane rumbun noma, sannan ya haɗa da bututun ruwa na reshen da aka saita a cikin ramin noma.An jera bututun reshen ruwan da ke cikin ramin noma tare da tsawon ramin noma, kuma a kan hanya, ana haɗa bututun ɗigon ruwa daidai da tsarin tukunyar noma, kuma ana jefa abubuwan gina jiki a cikin matsakaicin aikin noma. tukunya ta cikin bututun drip.Maganin sinadirai masu wuce gona da iri da aka fitar daga cikin magudanar ruwa ana zubar da shi a cikin ramin noma ta ramin magudanar ruwa a kasan tukunyar noma kuma a tattara a cikin ramin magudanar ruwa a kasan ramin noma.Daidaita tsayin shigarwa na ramin noma don samar da kwararar kwarara daga wannan ƙarshen zuwa wancan.A kan gangaren gangare, ruwan dawo da ban ruwa da aka tattara daga kasan ramin zai tattara zuwa ƙarshen ramin.Ana shirya buɗaɗɗen buɗewa a ƙarshen ramin noma don haɗa tankin dawo da ruwa mai haɗawa, sannan a haɗa bututu mai dawo da ruwa a ƙarƙashin tankin tattarawa, sannan a tattara ruwan dawo da aka tattara a cikin tankin dawo da ruwa.

Ruwan ban ruwa da tsarin dawowa

Amfani da ruwa mai dawowa

Wannan greenhouse ban ruwa dawo ruwa ba ya amfani da rufaffiyar-madauki wurare dabam dabam aiki na strawberry samar da tsarin, amma tattara dawo da ruwa daga strawberry dasa Ramin da kuma kai tsaye amfani da shi ga dasa na ado kayan lambu.Guda kafaffen tsawo namo Ramin kamar yadda strawberry namo aka saita a kan hudu na gefe bango na greenhouse, da namo Ramin cike da namo substrate shuka ornamental kayan lambu.Ruwan dawo da strawberries yana ba da ruwa kai tsaye zuwa waɗannan kayan lambu na ado, yana amfani da ruwa mai tsabta a cikin tankin ajiya don ban ruwa na yau da kullun.Bugu da ƙari, ana haɗa bututun ruwa da dawo da bututu na ramin noma zuwa ɗaya a cikin ƙirar samar da ruwa da bututun dawo da su.Ana ɗaukar yanayin ban ruwa na tidal a cikin ramin noma.A lokacin lokacin samar da ruwa, ana buɗe bawul na bututun ruwa kuma an rufe bawul ɗin bututun dawowa.An rufe bawul ɗin bututu kuma magudanar ruwa a buɗe.Wannan hanyar ban ruwa tana ceton bututun reshen samar da ruwan ban ruwa da kuma bututun ruwa a cikin ramin noma, yana ceton jari, kuma ba shi da tasiri a kan samar da kayan lambu na ado.

Shuka kayan lambu na ado Ta amfani da ruwa mai dawowa

Greenhouse da kayan tallafi

An shigo da greenhouse daga Koriya ta Kudu gaba daya a cikin 2017. Tsawonsa shine 47m, faɗinsa shine 23m, tare da faɗin faɗin 1081 m.² .Tsawon gidan ya kai 7m, bay 3m, tsayin eaves shine 4.5m, tsayin tudu shine 6.4m, tare da jimlar 3 tanda da bays 15.Domin inganta yanayin yanayin zafi na greenhouse, an kafa hanyar da za a iya sanyawa mai zafi mai faɗin mita 1 a kusa da gidan, kuma an ƙera labulen mai ɗaukar zafi na cikin gida.A lokacin canjin tsarin, an maye gurbin maƙallan kwancen da ke saman ginshiƙan tsakanin tazara na ainihin greenhouse tare da katako na katako.

Tsarin greenhouse

Sake sabunta tsarin tsarin zafin jiki na greenhouse yana riƙe da ainihin ƙirar tsarin tsarin zafin jiki na rufin da bango tare da rufin zafi na ciki biyu.Koyaya, bayan shekaru 3 na aiki, gidan yanar gizon inuwa na asali ya tsufa kuma ya lalace.A cikin sake fasalin greenhouse, an sabunta dukkan labulen rufi kuma an maye gurbinsu da kayan kwalliyar auduga na acrylic, waɗanda suka fi sauƙi kuma mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki, na gida.Daga ainihin aiki, haɗin gwiwa yana haɗuwa tsakanin labulen rufin rufin, bangon bangon bango da rufin rufin rufin rufin, kuma an rufe dukkan tsarin tsarin.

Tsarin Insulation na Greenhouse

Don tabbatar da buƙatun haske don haɓaka amfanin gona, an ƙara ƙarin tsarin haske a cikin sabuntar greenhouse.Ƙarin haske yana ɗaukar tsarin hasken halitta na LED, kowane LED girma haske yana da ikon 50 W, shirya ginshiƙai 2 a kowane tazara.Wurin kowane fitilolin ginshiƙi shine 3m.Jimlar ƙarfin haske shine 4.5 kW, daidai da 4.61 W/m² kowane yanki na yanki.Hasken haske na tsayin 1m zai iya kaiwa fiye da 2000 lx.

A lokaci guda na shigar da ƙarin fitilun plnat, ana kuma sanya jeri na UVB lghts akan kowane tazara tare da tazarar 2 m, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su don lalata iska a cikin greenhouse.Ƙarfin hasken UVB guda ɗaya shine 40 W, kuma jimlar ƙarfin da aka shigar shine 4.36 kW, daidai da 4.47 W/m² kowane yanki na yanki .

Tsarin dumama greenhouse yana amfani da ƙarin tsabtace muhalli mai tsaftataccen makamashin iska mai zafi famfo, wanda ke aika iska mai zafi zuwa cikin greenhouse ta hanyar musayar zafi.Jimillar wutar fam ɗin zafi na tushen iska a cikin greenhouse shine 210kW, kuma ana rarraba raka'a 38 na magoya bayan zafin zafi a cikin ɗakin.Yanayin zafi na kowane fanni yana da 5.5kw, wanda zai iya tabbatar da zafin iska a cikin greenhouse sama da 5 ℃ a karkashin yanayin zafi na -15 ℃ a ranar mafi sanyi a birnin Beijing, don haka tabbatar da samar da strawberry a cikin greenhouse.

Domin tabbatar da daidaiton yanayin zafin iska da zafi a cikin greenhouse da kuma samar da wasu motsin iska a cikin gida, gidan kuma an sanye shi da fanka yada iska a kwance.An shirya magoya baya masu yawo a tsakiyar tsakiyar greenhouse tare da tazara na 18 m, kuma ikon fan ɗaya shine 0.12 kW.

Greenhouse yana tallafawa kayan sarrafa muhalli

Bayanin ambato:

Changji Zhou, Hongbo, Li, He Zheng, da dai sauransu.Dr. Zhou ya duba Shiling (Dari daya da Ashirin da Shida) irin na yawon bude ido mai dauke da rataye strawberry da kayan tallafi da kayan aiki[J].Fasahar Injiniyan Aikin Noma,2022,42(7):36-42.