Fasahar injiniyan aikin gona na greenhouseAn buga a 17:30 a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2022 a Beijing

Tare da ci gaba da ƙaruwar yawan jama'a a duniya, buƙatar mutane na abinci yana ƙaruwa kowace rana, kuma ana sa ran buƙatu masu yawa don abinci mai gina jiki da aminci. Noman amfanin gona mai yawan amfanin gona da inganci hanya ce mai mahimmanci don magance matsalolin abinci. Duk da haka, hanyar kiwo ta gargajiya tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don noman nau'ikan iri masu kyau, wanda ke iyakance ci gaban kiwo. Ga amfanin gona masu yin pollination kai tsaye a kowace shekara, yana iya ɗaukar shekaru 10-15 daga farkon hayewa zuwa samar da sabon iri. Saboda haka, domin hanzarta ci gaban kiwo, yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a inganta ingancin kiwo da kuma rage lokacin samarwa.

Saurin kiwo yana nufin haɓaka yawan girma na shuke-shuke, hanzarta fure da 'ya'yan itace, da kuma rage zagayowar kiwo ta hanyar sarrafa yanayin muhalli a cikin ɗakin girma na muhalli mai cikakken iko. Masana'antar shuka tsarin noma ne wanda zai iya cimma ingantaccen samar da amfanin gona ta hanyar kula da muhalli mai inganci a wurare, kuma yanayi ne mai kyau don kiwo cikin sauri. Yanayin yanayin shuka kamar haske, zafin jiki, danshi da yawan CO2 a masana'antar suna da sauƙin sarrafawa, kuma yanayin waje ba ya shafar su ko ƙasa da haka. A ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli mai sarrafawa, mafi kyawun ƙarfin haske, lokacin haske da zafin jiki na iya hanzarta hanyoyin ilimin halittar tsirrai daban-daban, musamman photosynthesis da fure, don haka rage lokacin samar da girma na amfanin gona. Amfani da fasahar masana'antar shuka don sarrafa girma da ci gaban amfanin gona, girbi 'ya'yan itatuwa a gaba, matuƙar 'yan iri masu iya shuka za su iya biyan buƙatun kiwo.

Photoperiod, babban abin da ke shafar yanayin girmar amfanin gona, shi ne babban abin da ke shafar zagayowar ci gaban amfanin gona

Zagayen haske yana nufin canjin lokacin haske da lokacin duhu a cikin rana. Zagayen haske muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar girma, ci gaba, fure da 'ya'yan itatuwa na amfanin gona. Ta hanyar fahimtar canjin zagayen haske, amfanin gona na iya canzawa daga ci gaban tsirrai zuwa ci gaban haihuwa da cikakken fure da 'ya'yan itace. Iri daban-daban na amfanin gona da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban suna da martani daban-daban na ilimin halittar jiki ga canje-canjen lokacin haske. Shuke-shuke masu hasken rana na dogon lokaci, da zarar lokacin hasken rana ya wuce tsawon lokacin hasken rana mai mahimmanci, lokacin fure yawanci yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin haske, kamar hatsi, alkama da sha'ir. Shuke-shuke masu tsaka-tsaki, ba tare da la'akari da lokacin haske ba, za su yi fure, kamar shinkafa, masara da kokwamba. Shuke-shuke na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kamar auduga, waken soya da gero, suna buƙatar lokacin haske ƙasa da tsawon hasken rana mai mahimmanci don yin fure. A ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli na wucin gadi na haske awanni 8 da zafin jiki mai zafi 30℃, lokacin fure na amaranth ya fi kwanaki 40 da suka gabata fiye da yanayin filin. A ƙarƙashin maganin zagayowar haske na awanni 16/8 (haske/duhu), dukkan nau'ikan halittu bakwai na sha'ir sun yi fure da wuri: Franklin (kwana 36), Gairdner (kwana 35), Gimmett (kwana 33), Kwamanda (kwana 30), Fleet (kwana 29), Baudin (kwana 26) da Lockyer (kwana 25).

A ƙarƙashin yanayin wucin gadi, ana iya rage lokacin girma na alkama ta hanyar amfani da al'adar tayi don samun shuka, sannan a yi amfani da hasken rana na tsawon awanni 16, kuma ana iya samar da tsararraki 8 kowace shekara. An rage lokacin girma na wake daga kwanaki 143 a cikin yanayin fili zuwa kwanaki 67 a cikin gidan kore na wucin gadi tare da hasken awanni 16. Ta hanyar ƙara tsawon lokacin girma zuwa awanni 20 da haɗa shi da 21°C/16°C (rana/dare), ana iya rage lokacin girma na wake zuwa kwanaki 68, kuma ƙimar saita iri shine 97.8%. A ƙarƙashin yanayin da aka sarrafa, bayan maganin hasken awanni 20, yana ɗaukar kwanaki 32 daga shuka zuwa fure, kuma duk lokacin girma shine kwanaki 62-71, wanda ya fi guntu fiye da na yanayin fili fiye da kwanaki 30. A ƙarƙashin yanayin greenhouse na wucin gadi tare da hasken awanni 22, lokacin fure na alkama, sha'ir, rape da chickpea yana raguwa da kwanaki 22, 64, 73 da 33 a matsakaici, bi da bi. Idan aka haɗa shi da girbin iri da wuri, ƙimar tsiron iri na farkon girbi na iya kaiwa kashi 92%, 98%, 89% da 94% a matsakaici, bi da bi, wanda zai iya biyan buƙatun kiwo gaba ɗaya. Iri mafi sauri na iya ci gaba da samar da tsararraki 6 (alkama) da tsararraki 7 (alkama). A ƙarƙashin yanayin lokacin ɗaukar hoto na awanni 22, lokacin fure na hatsi ya ragu da kwanaki 11, kuma bayan kwanaki 21 bayan fure, ana iya tabbatar da aƙalla iri 5 masu rai, kuma ana iya ci gaba da yaɗa tsararraki biyar kowace shekara. A cikin gidan kore na wucin gadi tare da hasken awanni 22, lokacin girma na lentil yana raguwa zuwa kwanaki 115, kuma suna iya hayayyafa tsawon tsararraki 3-4 a shekara. A ƙarƙashin yanayin haske na awanni 24 a cikin gidan kore na wucin gadi, ana rage zagayowar girma na gyada daga kwanaki 145 zuwa kwanaki 89, kuma ana iya yaɗa shi tsawon tsararraki 4 a cikin shekara guda.

Ingancin haske

Haske yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen girma da ci gaban tsirrai. Haske na iya sarrafa fure ta hanyar shafar masu karɓar haske da yawa. Rabon hasken ja (R) zuwa hasken shuɗi (B) yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga furen amfanin gona. Tsawon hasken ja na 600 ~ 700nm yana ɗauke da kololuwar sha na chlorophyll na 660nm, wanda zai iya haɓaka photosynthesis yadda ya kamata. Tsawon hasken shuɗi na 400 ~ 500nm zai shafi hasken shuka, buɗewar ciki da kuma girman shuka. A cikin alkama, rabon hasken ja zuwa hasken shuɗi shine kusan 1, wanda zai iya haifar da fure da wuri. A ƙarƙashin ingancin haske na R:B = 4:1, lokacin girma na nau'ikan waken soya na tsakiya da na ƙarshe an rage shi daga kwanaki 120 zuwa kwanaki 63, kuma tsayin shuka da kuma yawan abinci mai gina jiki sun ragu, amma yawan amfanin iri bai shafi ba, wanda zai iya gamsar da aƙalla iri ɗaya a kowace shuka, kuma matsakaicin ƙimar tsiro na tsaba marasa girma shine 81.7%. A ƙarƙashin yanayin haske na awanni 10 da ƙarin haske mai shuɗi, shuke-shuken waken soya sun yi gajeru da ƙarfi, sun yi fure kwanaki 23 bayan shuka, sun girma cikin kwanaki 77, kuma suna iya haihuwa na tsawon tsararraki 5 a cikin shekara guda.

Rabon hasken ja zuwa hasken ja mai nisa (FR) shi ma yana shafar furen tsirrai. Alamun haske masu saurin daukar hoto suna wanzuwa a cikin nau'i biyu: jan haske mai nisa (Pfr) da jan haske (Pr). A ƙarancin rabon R:FR, ana canza launuka masu saurin daukar hoto daga Pfr zuwa Pr, wanda ke haifar da furen tsire-tsire masu tsawon kwanaki. Amfani da fitilun LED don daidaita R:FR(0.66~1.07) da ya dace na iya ƙara tsayin shuka, haɓaka furen tsire-tsire masu tsawon kwanaki (kamar morning glory da snapdragon), da kuma hana furen tsire-tsire masu gajeren kwanaki (kamar marigold). Lokacin da R:FR ya fi 3.1 girma, lokacin fure na lentil yana jinkiri. Rage R:FR zuwa 1.9 na iya samun mafi kyawun tasirin fure, kuma yana iya yin fure a rana ta 31 bayan shuka. Tasirin hasken ja akan hana fure yana faruwa ne ta hanyar launin Pr mai saurin daukar hoto. Bincike ya nuna cewa idan R:FR ya fi 3.5 girma, lokacin fure na shuke-shuke guda biyar na leguminous (wake, chickpea, wake mai faɗi, lentil da lupin) zai yi jinkiri. A wasu nau'ikan halittu na amaranth da shinkafa, ana amfani da haske mai launin ja don ci gaba da fure da kwana 10 da kwana 20 bi da bi.

CO taki mai taki₂

CO₂shine babban tushen carbon na photosynthesis. Babban yawan CO2₂yawanci yana iya haɓaka girma da haifuwar C3 na shekara-shekara, yayin da ƙarancin yawan CO2₂na iya rage yawan girma da yawan haihuwa saboda ƙarancin iskar carbon. Misali, ingancin photosynthesis na tsirrai na C3, kamar shinkafa da alkama, yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙaruwar CO2₂matakin, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar biomass da kuma farkon fure. Domin a cimma tasirin CO2 mai kyau₂Ƙara yawan taro, yana iya zama dole a inganta samar da ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki. Saboda haka, a ƙarƙashin yanayin saka hannun jari mara iyaka, hydroponics na iya fitar da cikakken damar girma na shuke-shuke. Ƙananan CO2₂Yawan maida hankali ya jinkirta lokacin fure na Arabidopsis thaliana, yayin da yawan CO2 ke ƙaruwa,₂Yawan amfani da shinkafa ya hanzarta lokacin fure, ya rage lokacin girma na shinkafa zuwa watanni 3, sannan ya yaɗu zuwa tsararraki 4 a shekara. Ta hanyar ƙara yawan CO₂zuwa 785.7μmol/mol a cikin akwatin girma na wucin gadi, an rage zagayowar kiwo na nau'in waken soya 'Enrei' zuwa kwanaki 70, kuma yana iya haihuwa tsararraki 5 a cikin shekara guda. Lokacin da CO2 ya yi girma, an rage zagayowar kiwo na nau'in waken soya 'Enrei' zuwa kwanaki 70, kuma yana iya haihuwa tsararraki 5 a cikin shekara guda.₂Yawan sinadarin ya karu zuwa 550μmol/mol, an jinkirta furen Cajanus cajan na tsawon kwanaki 8-9, kuma an jinkirta saitin 'ya'yan itatuwa da lokacin nuna su na tsawon kwanaki 9. Cajanus cajan ya tara sukari mara narkewa a babban CO2 mai yawa.₂maida hankali, wanda zai iya shafar watsa siginar tsirrai da jinkirta fure. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin ɗakin girma tare da ƙaruwar CO2₂, adadin furannin waken soya da ingancinsu suna ƙaruwa, wanda hakan ke taimakawa wajen haɗakar su, kuma yawan haɗakar su ya fi na waken soya da aka noma a gona.

Masu hangen nesa na gaba

Noma na zamani na iya hanzarta tsarin kiwo amfanin gona ta hanyar amfani da madadin kiwo da kuma kiwo a wurare daban-daban. Duk da haka, akwai wasu gazawa a cikin waɗannan hanyoyin, kamar buƙatun ƙasa mai tsauri, kula da ma'aikata masu tsada da kuma yanayin yanayi mara tabbas, waɗanda ba za su iya tabbatar da nasarar girbin iri ba. Kiwo a wuraren yana shafar yanayin yanayi, kuma lokacin da za a ƙara yawan amfanin gona yana da iyaka. Duk da haka, kiwo a kan alamun kwayoyin halitta yana hanzarta zaɓi da tantance halayen da ake buƙata na kiwo. A halin yanzu, an yi amfani da fasahar kiwo cikin sauri ga Gramineae, Leguminosae, Cruciferae da sauran amfanin gona. Duk da haka, kiwo a kan masana'antar shuka cikin sauri yana kawar da tasirin yanayin yanayi gaba ɗaya, kuma yana iya daidaita yanayin girma bisa ga buƙatun girma da ci gaban shuka. Haɗa fasahar kiwo cikin sauri ta masana'antar shuka tare da kiwo na gargajiya, kiwo a kan alamun kwayoyin halitta da sauran hanyoyin kiwo yadda ya kamata, a ƙarƙashin yanayin kiwo cikin sauri, ana iya rage lokacin da ake buƙata don samun layukan homozygous bayan haɗakarwa, kuma a lokaci guda, ana iya zaɓar tsararraki na farko don rage lokacin da ake buƙata don samun halaye masu kyau da tsararraki na kiwo.

Babban abin da ke takaita fasahar kiwo cikin sauri a masana'antu shi ne yanayin muhalli da ake buƙata don girma da haɓaka amfanin gona daban-daban ya bambanta sosai, kuma yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin a sami yanayin muhalli don kiwo cikin sauri na amfanin gona da aka nufa. A lokaci guda, saboda tsadar gina masana'antar shuka da aiki, yana da wuya a gudanar da babban gwajin kiwo na ƙari, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da ƙarancin yawan amfanin gona, wanda zai iya iyakance kimanta yanayin filin da za a bi. Tare da haɓakawa da haɓakawa a hankali na kayan aiki da fasaha na masana'antar shuka, farashin gini da aiki na masana'antar shuka yana raguwa a hankali. Yana yiwuwa a ƙara inganta fasahar kiwo cikin sauri da kuma rage zagayowar kiwo ta hanyar haɗa fasahar kiwo cikin sauri na masana'antar shuka da sauran dabarun kiwo yadda ya kamata.

ƘARSHE

Bayanan da aka ambata

Liu Kaizhe, Liu Houcheng. Ci gaban bincike kan fasahar kiwo cikin sauri a masana'antar shuke-shuke [J]. Fasahar Injiniyan Noma, 2022,42(22):46-49.