Fasahar Injiniyan Noma HorticulturalAn buga shi a 17: 30 ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 2022 a birnin Beijing

Tare da ci gaba da karuwar al'ummar duniya, bukatun mutane na karuwa a kowace rana, kuma ana gabatar da manyan bukatu don abinci mai gina jiki da aminci.Noman amfanin gona mai girma da inganci hanya ce mai mahimmanci don magance matsalolin abinci.Koyaya, hanyar kiwo na gargajiya yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don noma kyawawan iri, wanda ke iyakance ci gaban kiwo.Don amfanin gona na pollinating na shekara-shekara, yana iya ɗaukar shekaru 10 ~ 15 daga hayewar iyaye na farko zuwa samar da sabon iri.Don haka, domin a hanzarta ci gaban noman amfanin gona, ya zama wajibi a inganta yadda ake noman noma da kuma rage lokacin da ake noma.

Kiwo cikin sauri yana nufin haɓaka haɓakar tsire-tsire, haɓaka furanni da 'ya'yan itace, da gajarta sake zagayowar kiwo ta hanyar sarrafa yanayin muhalli a cikin ɗaki mai cike da rufaffiyar sarrafa yanayi.Masana'antar shuka wani tsarin aikin noma ne wanda zai iya samun ingantaccen amfanin gona ta hanyar kula da muhalli mai inganci a wurare, kuma yanayi ne mai kyau don saurin kiwo.Yanayin yanayin shuka kamar haske, zafin jiki, zafi da CO2 maida hankali a cikin masana'anta suna da ingantacciyar sarrafawa, kuma yanayin waje ba ya shafa ko ƙasa da haka.A ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli mai sarrafawa, mafi kyawun ƙarfin haske, lokacin haske da zafin jiki na iya haɓaka hanyoyin aiwatar da tsarin ilimin halittar jiki daban-daban na shuke-shuke, musamman photosynthesis da fure, don haka yana rage lokacin haɓakar amfanin gona.Yin amfani da fasahar masana'antar shuka don sarrafa haɓakar amfanin gona da bunƙasa, girbin 'ya'yan itace a gaba, muddin 'yan tsaba masu iya girma zasu iya biyan bukatun kiwo.

Photoperiod, babban abin da ke haifar da yanayin muhalli da ke shafar ci gaban amfanin gona

Zagayowar haske yana nufin canjin lokacin haske da lokacin duhu a cikin yini.Zagayowar haske wani muhimmin al'amari ne wanda ke shafar girma, haɓakawa, fure da 'ya'yan amfanin gona.Ta hanyar fahimtar canjin yanayin haske, amfanin gona na iya canzawa daga girma na ciyayi zuwa haɓakar haifuwa da cikakken fure da 'ya'yan itace.Daban-daban amfanin gona iri da genotypes suna da daban-daban physiological martani ga photoperiod canje-canje.Tsire-tsire masu tsayin rana, da zarar lokacin hasken rana ya zarce tsayin hasken rana mai mahimmanci, lokacin furanni yawanci yana haɓaka ta hanyar tsawaita lokacin photoperiod, kamar hatsi, alkama da sha'ir.Tsire-tsire masu tsaka-tsaki, ba tare da la'akari da lokacin daukar hoto ba, za su yi fure, kamar shinkafa, masara da kokwamba.Tsirrai na gajeren rana, irin su auduga, waken soya da gero, suna buƙatar lokacin daukar hoto ƙasa da mahimmancin tsawon hasken rana don yin fure.A ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi na wucin gadi na hasken 8h da 30 ℃ babban zafin jiki, lokacin furanni na amaranth ya fi kwanaki 40 a baya fiye da haka a cikin yanayin filin.A karkashin jiyya na 16/8 h haske sake zagayowar (haske / duhu), duk bakwai genotypes sha'ir bloomed da wuri: Franklin (36 days), Gairdner (35 days), Gimmett (33 days), Kwamanda (30 days), Fleet (29). kwanaki), Baudin (26 kwanaki) da Lockyer (25 kwanaki).

A karkashin yanayin wucin gadi, ana iya rage lokacin girma na alkama ta hanyar amfani da al'adun amfrayo don samun tsire-tsire, sa'an nan kuma haskakawa na tsawon sa'o'i 16, kuma ana iya samar da tsararraki 8 kowace shekara.An rage tsawon lokacin girma na fis daga kwanaki 143 a cikin yanayin filin zuwa kwanaki 67 a cikin greenhouse wucin gadi tare da hasken 16h.Ta kara tsawaita lokacin daukar hoto zuwa 20h da hada shi da 21°C/16°C(rana/dare), za'a iya rage lokacin girma na fis zuwa kwanaki 68, kuma adadin saitin iri shine 97.8%.A karkashin yanayin da ake sarrafawa, bayan sa'o'i 20 na maganin photoperiod, yana ɗaukar kwanaki 32 daga shuka zuwa fure, kuma tsawon lokacin girma shine kwanaki 62-71, wanda ya fi guntu fiye da haka a cikin yanayin filin fiye da kwanaki 30.A karkashin yanayin greenhouse wucin gadi tare da 22h photoperiod, lokacin flowering na alkama, sha'ir, fyade da chickpea yana raguwa ta kwanaki 22, 64, 73 da 33 a matsakaici, bi da bi.A hade tare da farkon girbi na iri, yawan germination na farkon girbi na iya kaiwa 92%, 98%, 89% da 94% a matsakaici, bi da bi, wanda zai iya cika bukatun kiwo.Mafi saurin iri na iya ci gaba da samar da tsararraki 6 (alkama) da kuma tsararraki 7 (alkama).A karkashin yanayin lokacin daukar hoto na sa'o'i 22, lokacin furen hatsi ya ragu da kwanaki 11, kuma kwanaki 21 bayan fure, ana iya ba da garantin aƙalla iri 5 masu dacewa, kuma ana iya ci gaba da yaduwa na ƙarni biyar kowace shekara.A cikin greenhouse na wucin gadi tare da hasken sa'o'i 22, an rage lokacin girma na lentil zuwa kwanaki 115, kuma za su iya haifuwa ga tsararraki 3-4 a shekara.A karkashin yanayin ci gaba da haskakawa na sa'o'i 24 a cikin greenhouse na wucin gadi, ana rage sake zagayowar ci gaban gyada daga kwanaki 145 zuwa kwanaki 89, kuma ana iya yada shi har tsararraki 4 a cikin shekara guda.

Ingancin haske

Haske yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen girma da ci gaban tsirrai.Haske na iya sarrafa fure ta hanyar shafar masu ɗaukar hoto da yawa.Matsakaicin hasken ja (R) zuwa haske shuɗi (B) yana da matukar mahimmanci ga furen shuka.Tsawon tsayin haske na ja na 600 ~ 700nm ya ƙunshi kololuwar chlorophyll na 660nm, wanda zai iya haɓaka photosynthesis yadda ya kamata.Hasken shuɗi mai haske na 400 ~ 500nm zai shafi phototropism shuka, buɗewar stomatal da haɓakar seedling.A cikin alkama, rabon hasken ja zuwa haske mai shuɗi yana kusan 1, wanda zai iya haifar da fure a farkon.Karkashin ingancin haske na R:B=4:1, an rage tsawon lokacin girma na nau'in waken soya na tsakiya da na marigayi-dare daga kwanaki 120 zuwa kwanaki 63, kuma an rage tsayin shuka da kwayoyin halittar abinci mai gina jiki, amma amfanin iri bai shafi ba. , wanda zai iya gamsar da aƙalla iri ɗaya a kowace shuka, kuma matsakaicin adadin germination na iri marasa girma ya kai 81.7%.A ƙarƙashin yanayin hasken 10h da ƙarin haske mai shuɗi, tsire-tsire na waken soya sun zama gajere da ƙarfi, sun yi fure kwanaki 23 bayan shuka, sun girma cikin kwanaki 77, kuma suna iya haifuwa har ƙarni 5 a cikin shekara ɗaya.

Rabon hasken ja zuwa haske mai nisa (FR) shima yana shafar furen tsirrai.Alamomin hoto suna wanzu ta hanyoyi biyu: jan haske mai nisa (Pfr) da jan haske (Pr).A ƙananan R: FR rabo, ana canza launuka masu ɗaukar hoto daga Pfr zuwa Pr, wanda ke kaiwa ga furen tsire-tsire na rana.Yin amfani da fitilun LED don daidaita daidaitattun R: FR (0.66 ~ 1.07) na iya haɓaka tsayin tsire-tsire, inganta furanni na tsire-tsire masu tsayi (kamar ɗaukakar safiya da snapdragon), da kuma hana furen tsire-tsire na gajeren rana (kamar marigold). ).Lokacin da R: FR ya fi 3.1, lokacin furen lentil yana jinkiri.Rage R: FR zuwa 1.9 na iya samun sakamako mafi kyau na fure, kuma yana iya yin fure a rana ta 31 bayan shuka.Tasirin jajayen haske akan hana fure yana yin sulhu ta hanyar pigment mai ɗaukar hoto Pr.Nazarin ya nuna cewa lokacin da R: FR ya fi 3.5, lokacin fure na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire guda biyar (fis, chickpea, m wake, lentil da lupin) za su jinkirta.A wasu nau'ikan genotype na amaranth da shinkafa, ana amfani da haske mai nisa don ciyar da fure ta kwanaki 10 da kwanaki 20 bi da bi.

Taki CO₂

CO₂shine babban tushen carbon na photosynthesis.High maida hankali CO₂iya yawanci inganta girma da haifuwa na C3 shekara-shekara, yayin da low taro CO₂na iya rage yawan girma da haifuwa saboda iyakancewar carbon.Misali, ingancin photosynthesis na tsire-tsire na C3, kamar shinkafa da alkama, yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓakar CO.₂matakin, yana haifar da haɓakar ƙwayoyin halitta da farkon fure.Don fahimtar tasirin tasirin CO₂haɓaka haɓaka, yana iya zama dole don haɓaka samar da ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki.Sabili da haka, a ƙarƙashin yanayin saka hannun jari mara iyaka, hydroponics na iya sakin cikakkiyar damar haɓakar tsirrai.Low CO₂Hankali ya jinkirta lokacin furanni na Arabidopsis thaliana, yayin da babban CO₂Hankali ya kara saurin lokacin furen shinkafa, ya rage tsawon lokacin girma na shinkafa zuwa watanni 3, kuma yana yada tsararraki 4 a shekara.Ta hanyar kari CO₂zuwa 785.7μmol/mol a cikin akwatin girma na wucin gadi, an taƙaita zagayowar kiwo na nau'in waken soya 'Enrei' zuwa kwanaki 70, kuma yana iya haifar da tsararraki 5 a cikin shekara guda.Lokacin da CO₂maida hankali ya karu zuwa 550μmol / mol, an jinkirta furen Cajanus cajan na kwanaki 8 ~ 9, kuma saitin 'ya'yan itace da lokacin ripening an jinkirta tsawon kwanaki 9.Cajanus cajan ya tara sukari marar narkewa a babban CO₂maida hankali, wanda zai iya rinjayar siginar watsawar tsire-tsire da jinkirta fure.Bugu da ƙari, a cikin ɗakin girma tare da ƙara CO₂, adadin da ingancin furannin waken soya yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke da amfani ga haɓakawa, kuma yawan haɓakarsa ya fi na waken da ake nomawa a filin.

Abubuwan da ke gaba

Noma na zamani na iya hanzarta aiwatar da kiwo ta hanyar kiwo da sauran wuraren kiwo.Koyaya, akwai wasu gazawa a cikin waɗannan hanyoyin, kamar ƙayyadaddun buƙatun yanki, sarrafa ma'aikata masu tsada da yanayin yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali, waɗanda ba za su iya tabbatar da nasarar girbin iri ba.Yanayin yanayi yana rinjayar kiwowar kayan aiki, kuma lokacin haɓaka tsara yana iyakance.Duk da haka, kiwo mai alamar kwayoyin halitta yana hanzarta zaɓi da ƙudiri na halayen kiwo.A halin yanzu, an yi amfani da fasahar kiwo cikin sauri ga Gramineae, Leguminosae, Cruciferae da sauran amfanin gona.Koyaya, masana'antar shuka saurin haɓakar kiwo gaba ɗaya ta kawar da tasirin yanayin yanayi, kuma tana iya daidaita yanayin girma gwargwadon buƙatun ci gaban shuka da haɓakawa.Haɗa masana'antar shuka da fasahar kiwo cikin sauri tare da kiwo na gargajiya, kiwo ta kwayoyin halitta da sauran hanyoyin kiwo yadda ya kamata, a ƙarƙashin yanayin saurin kiwo, ana iya rage lokacin da ake buƙata don samun layukan homozygous bayan haɓakawa, kuma a lokaci guda, ana iya rage zuriyar farko. zaba don rage lokacin da ake buƙata don samun kyawawan halaye da tsararrun kiwo.

Muhimmin iyakancewar fasahar kiwo cikin sauri a masana'antu shine yanayin muhallin da ake buƙata don girma da bunƙasa amfanin gona daban-daban ya bambanta sosai, kuma ana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin a sami yanayin muhalli don saurin kiwo na amfanin gona.Haka kuma, saboda tsadar gine-ginen masana'antar shuka da kuma aiki, yana da wahala a gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kiwo masu yawa, wanda galibi ke haifar da iyakancewar iri, wanda zai iya iyakance kimanta halayen filin da ke biyo baya.Tare da haɓakawa a hankali da haɓaka kayan aikin masana'anta da fasaha, ana rage farashin gini da aiki na masana'antar shuka sannu a hankali.Yana yiwuwa a kara inganta fasahar kiwo cikin sauri da kuma takaita tsarin kiwo ta hanyar hada fasahar saurin kiwo da masana'antar shuka yadda ya kamata tare da sauran dabarun kiwo.

KARSHE

Bayanin da aka ambata

Liu Kaizhe, Liu Houcheng.Binciken ci gaban masana'antar shuka fasahar kiwo saurin kiwo [J].Fasahar Injiniyan Aikin Noma, 2022,42(22):46-49.