Fasahar injiniyan injiniya na kayan aikin gona na lambun kayan aikin gona na lambun kayan giyar ruwa a nan birnin Beijing a 17:30 a watan 13:30 a Janairu 13th, 2023.

Shan yawancin abubuwan gina jiki tsari ne wanda ke da alaƙa da ayyukan canjin yanayin. Wadannan hanyoyin suna buƙatar makamashi ta tushen sel na ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma abubuwan sha yana buƙatar halartar isashshen oxygen, don haka oxygen a cikin tushen haɓakar amfanin gona na al'ada. Abun cikin abubuwan oxygen da aka narke cikin ruwa ya shafi zafin jiki da adonity, da kuma tsarin substrate yana tantance abun cikin tushen tushe. Ban ruwa yana da manyan bambance-bambance a cikin sabuntawa da ƙarin abun ciki na oxygen a cikin substires tare da daban-daban na ruwa na ruwa. Akwai dalilai da yawa don haɓaka abun ciki na oxygen a cikin yanayin tushen, amma rinjayar digiri na kowane abu ya sha bamban. Kula da ruwa substrate yana riƙe da ƙarfin (abun ciki na sama) shine tsarin riƙe da abun ciki na oxygen a cikin yanayin tushen.

Sakamakon zazzabi da salinity akan cikakken abun ciki na oxygen a cikin bayani

Nasso abubuwan oxygen a cikin ruwa

Nassoshi oxygen an narkar da shi a cikin mara kyau ko oxygen mai kyauta a cikin ruwa, da kuma abubuwan da ke narkar da mafita a cikin wani ruwa, wanda shine abun oxygen oxygen. Abubuwan da ke cikin oxygen mai cike da isasshen abu a cikin canje-canje na ruwa tare da zazzabi, kuma lokacin da abun ciki na oxygen ya ragu. Abubuwan da ke cikin isashshen oxygen na bayyananne ruwa ya fi na ruwan teku mai gishiri (Figure1), saboda haka nau'in iskar oxygen da ke cike da abubuwan gina jiki wanda zai bambanta.

Sufuri na oxygen a cikin matrix

Iskar oxygen cewa amfanin gona na greenhouse yana iya samun daga ainihin mafita dole ne ya kasance cikin yanayin kyauta, da oxygen an kwashe a cikin sama ta hanyar iska da ruwa da ruwa a kusa da tushen. Lokacin da yake cikin daidaitawa tare da abun ciki na oxygen a cikin iska a cikin zazzabi da aka bayar, oxygen narkar da mafi girman, kuma can can can can can can can can can can can can can can can can can can can can can can can can canjin oxygen a cikin iska zai kai ga daidaitaccen abun ciki na oxygen a cikin ruwa.

Sakamakon hypoxia damuwa a cikin yanayin tushen kan albarkatu

Sanadin tushen hypoxia

Akwai dalilai da yawa waɗanda suke haɗarin hypoxia a cikin hydroponics da substrate tsarin namo ya fi girma a lokacin rani. Da farko dai, abun ciki na iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa zai ragu kamar yadda zafin jiki ya tashi. Abu na biyu, oxygen da ake buƙata don kiyaye tushen haɓaka haɓakawa tare da karuwar zazzabi. Bugu da ƙari, adadin ɗaukar abinci mai narkewa ya fi girma a lokacin rani, don haka buƙatun oxygen don ɗaukar abinci mai gina jiki ya fi girma. Yana kaiwa zuwa rage abun ciki na oxygen a cikin tsari mai tushe da kuma rashin ingantaccen tasiri, wanda ke haifar da hypoxia a cikin yanayin tushen.

Sha da girma

Karfafa mafi mahimmancin abubuwan gina jiki ya dogara da matakai a hankali ya danganta da tushen metabolism na tushen sel, wato, bazuwar samfuran powotynogen. Karatun ya nuna cewa 10% ~ 20% na jimlar Assimilates na tsire-tsire na tumatir, kashi 50% na ci gaba da kuma 10% don kiyayewa da duka 10% na tabbatarwa. Tushen dole ne ya sami oxygen a cikin yanayin kai tsaye inda suke sakin CO₂. A karkashin yanayin Ananobic wanda ya haifar da samun iska mara kyau a cikin substrates da Hydroponics, hypoxia zai shafi sha na ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki. Hypoxia yana da martani mai sauri ga aiki na gina jiki, wato nitrate (no₃^-), potassium (k) da phosphate (po₄^3-), wanda zai sa tsoma baki tare da possium na perive (ca) da magnesium (MG).

Shafin tushen ci gaba yana buƙatar makamashi, ayyukan yau da kullun yana buƙatar ƙarancin oxygen a ƙasa ya zama mai ba da izini na ƙwarewar ƙwayoyin sel (hypoxia). Lokacin da matakin abun ciki na oxygen yayi ƙasa, haɓaka yayi jinkiri ko ko da dakatarwa. Idan wani bangare tushen hypoxia kawai yana shafar rassa da ganyayyaki, tushen tsarin zai iya rama wani bangare na tsarin tushen da ba ya aiki da wasu dalilai ta hanyar ƙara yawan su na gida.

Tsarin metabolic ya dogara da iskar oxygen a matsayin mai karyar lantarki. Ba tare da oxygen ba, samar da ATP zai daina. Ba tare da ATP ba, outflow na protons daga Tushen zai tsaya, ƙwayar ƙwayar sel na tushen sel zai zama acidic, kuma waɗannan sel zai mutu a cikin 'yan sa'o'i. Na ɗan lokaci da gajeren lokaci ba zai haifar da matsanancin abinci mai zurfi a tsire-tsire ba. Saboda tsarin numfashi "na iya zama karbuwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci don jure hypoxia a matsayin wata hanya ta hypoxia. Koyaya, hypoxia na dogon lokaci zai haifar da jinkirin girma, rage yanki da rage nauyi da bushe, wanda zai haifar da raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin amfanin gona.

Ethylene

Tsire-tsire za su samar da ethylene a cikin tashar da ke cikin damuwa da yawa. Yawancin lokaci, an cire uthylene daga tushen ta hanyar musanya a cikin iska ƙasa. Lokacin da waterlogging ya faru, samuwar ethylene ba zai ƙaru ne kawai ba, har ma da harsuna za a rage saboda tushen da ruwa ke kewaye da ruwa. Theara yawan ethylene maida hankali ne ga samuwar nama mai rauni a cikin tushen (Hoto na 2). Ethylene na iya haifar da ganye na ganye, da kuma ma'amala tsakanin ethylene da Auuxin zasu haɓaka tasirin asalinsu.

Oxygen damuwa yana haifar da rage girman ganye

Abyawa an samar a cikin tushen da ganye don jure damuwa da muhalli iri-iri. A cikin yanayin tushen, amsar da aka saba wa danniya shine ƙulli mai wuyansa, wanda ya shafi samuwar Aba. Kafin stomawa an rufe, saman shuka ya rasa matsin lamba na kumburi, saman ya bushe, da kuma ingantaccen hoto na iya raguwa. Karatun da yawa sun nuna cewa Stomawa ya amsa da karuwar hadarin Aba a cikin rufewa ta hanyar rufe ciki, tsire-tsire na iya ƙara taro na apoplast Aba da sauri. Lokacin da tsire-tsire suna ƙarƙashin damuwa na muhalli, sun fara sakin Aba a cikin sel, kuma ana iya yada alamar tushen sakin ciki a cikin mintuna maimakon sa'o'i. Theara yawan Aba a cikin ganye nama na iya rage elongation na bango na bango da haifar da ragewar ganye elongation. Wani tasirin hypoxia shine cewa rayuwar da ake samu na ganye, wanda zai shafi dukkan ganye. Hypoxia yawanci yana haifar da ragewar Cytokinin da jigilar su. Rashin nitrogen ko cytokinin zai rage lokacin kiyayewa na yankin ganye kuma dakatar da haɓakar rassan da ganyayyaki cikin 'yan kwanaki.

Inganta yanayin iskar oxygen na tsarin tushen amfanin gona

Halayen substrate suna yanke hukunci ne don rarraba ruwa da oxygen. Takaddun oxygen a cikin tushen kayan lambu na greenhouse galibi yana da alaƙa da ruwa yana riƙe da ruwa mai ɗorewa, tsari da mita), tsarin substrateit da zazzabi. Sai lokacin da abun ciki na oxygen a cikin yanayin tushen akalla shine aƙalla sama da10% (4 ~ 5mg / L) zai iya samar da aikin da mafi kyawun jihar.

Tushen tsarin amfanin gona yana da matukar muhimmanci ga tsiro da juriya na shuka. Ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki za a sha bisa ga bukatun tsirrai. Koyaya, matakin oxygen a cikin tushen yanayin yana tabbatar da ingancin ife da ruwa abinci mai gina jiki da ruwa da kuma ingancin tsarin tushen. Isasshen matakin oxygen a cikin tushen tsarin na iya tabbatar da lafiyar tushen tsarin, saboda tsire-tsire suna da ingantacciyar juriya ga microorganisic microorganisms (Hoto na 3). Isarancin matakin oxygen a cikin substrate shima rage haɗarin yanayin Anaerobic, saboda haka rage haɗarin haɗarin ƙwayoyin cuta na pathogenicms.

Amfani na Oxygen a cikin tushen tushe

Matsakaicin yawan oxygen na amfanin gona na iya zama kamar 40mg / m2 / h (yawan ya dogara da albarkatu). Ya danganta da zazzabi, ruwan ban ruwa na iya ƙunsar har zuwa 7 ~ 8mg / l na oxygen (Hoto na 4). Don kai 40 MG, 5L na ruwa dole ne a ba shi sa'a ɗaya don biyan bukatun oxygen, amma a zahiri, adadin ban ruwa a cikin rana ɗaya ƙila ba za a kai. Wannan yana nufin cewa oxygen da aka bayar ta hanyar ban ruwa yana wasa ne kawai ƙarami. Yawancin kayayyakin oxygen ya kai tushen yankin ta hanyar pores a cikin matrix, kuma gudummawar oxygen suna ta hanyar pores yana da girma kamar 90%, ya danganta da lokacin rana. Lokacin da ɗimbin tsire-tsire ya kai matsakaicin, adadin ban ruwa kuma ya dace da matsakaicin, wanda yayi daidai da 1 ~ 1.5L / m / h. Idan ruwan ban ruwa ya ƙunshi 7mg / e oxygen, zai samar da 7 ~ 11mg / m2 / h oxygen don tushen yankin. Wannan yayi daidai da 17% ~ 25% na buƙata. Tabbas, wannan kawai ya shafi halin da ake maye gurbinsa da ruwan oxygen a cikin substrate an maye gurbinsu da sabo ruwa ban ruwa.

Baya ga amfani da tushen, microorganishms a cikin tushen yanayin kuma cinye oxygen. Zai yi wuya a daidaita wannan saboda babu wani ma'auni a cikin wannan girmamawa. Tun lokacin da aka maye gurbin sababbin substratrates kowace shekara, ana iya ɗauka cewa ƙananan rawar da ke cikin amfani da oxygen.

Inganta zafin jiki na tushen tushen tushen sa

Zaɓuɓɓuka na muhalli na tushen tsarin yana da matukar muhimmanci ga ci gaban al'ada da aikin tushen tsarin, kuma yana kuma mahaliti mai mahimmanci yana shafar sha na ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki ta tsarin tushen tsarin.

A severow low substate zazzabi (zazzabi mai tushe) na iya haifar da wahala a cikin sha sha sha. A 5 ℃, shayar shine 70% ~ 80% kasa da a 20 ℃. Idan low m zazzabi ne tare da babban zazzabi, zai haifar da wilting wilting. Ion sha a bayyane ya dogara da zazzabi, wanda ke hana ion shan zafin jiki, da kuma hankali na abubuwan abinci mai gina jiki daban-daban.

Yawan zazzabi mai yawa kuma ba shi da amfani, kuma yana iya haifar da babban tsarin tushen. A takaice dai, akwai rarraba rarraba lamuran a tsire-tsire. Domin tushen tsarin yayi girma sosai, asarar da ba dole ba zata faru cikin numfashi, kuma wannan bangare na makamashi da aka rasa za'a iya amfani dashi don girbi na shuka. A mafi girman m zazzabi, da narkar da abubuwan oxygen oxygen ne, wanda ke da babban tasiri a kan abun cikin oxygen a cikin yanayin oxygenms wanda ƙananan oxygen ya cinye ta hanyar Oxygenms wanda ƙananan yanayin oxygen ya cinye shi. Tushen tushen yana cin abinci mai yawa na oxygen, har ma yana haifar da hypoxia a yanayin yanayin talauci mai ɗorewa ko tsarin ƙasa, don haka rage sha na ruwa da ions.

Kula da ruwa mai ma'ana yana riƙe da matrix.

Akwai daidaituwa mara kyau tsakanin abubuwan cikin ruwa da kuma adadin abubuwan da ke cikin oxygen a cikin matrix. Lokacin da ruwa abun ciki yana ƙaruwa, abun ciki na oxygen yana raguwa, da kuma sabanin haka. Akwai kewayon mahimmanci tsakanin abun ciki da oxygen a cikin matrix, wato, 80% ~ 85% abun ciki (Hoto 5). Gyaran dogon lokaci na abun ciki na ruwa sama da kashi 85% a cikin substrate zai shafi wadatar oxygen. Yawancin wadatar oxygen (75% ~ 90%) shine ta hanyar pores a cikin matrix.

Kari na ban ruwa ga abun cikin oxygen a cikin substrate

Zazzage hasken rana zai haifar da mafi girman yawan oxygen da ƙananan maida hankali a cikin tushen (adadi na 6), da kuma sukari mai yawa zai iya yin amfani da oxygen sama da dare. Transpating yana da ƙarfi, sha sha yana da girma, kuma akwai ƙarin iska da ƙarin oxygen a cikin substrate. Ana iya gani daga hagu na Figure 7 Wannan abun ciki na oxygen a cikin substrate zai karu kaɗan bayan ban ruwa yana da ƙarfi da kuma abun ciki yana da ƙasa sosai. Kamar yadda aka nuna a hannun Hoto. 7, a ƙarƙashin yanayin da mafi kyawun haske, abun ciki na iska a cikin subbrate yana ƙaruwa saboda ƙarin shayar da ruwa (daidai lokacin ban ban ban ban ruwa). Irin wannan dangi na ban ruwa a kan abun cikin oxygen a cikin substrate ya kasance ƙasa da ruwan riƙe ruwa (sararin samaniya) a cikin substrate.

Yi shawara

A cikin ainihin samarwa, abun ciki na oxygen, iska) a cikin tushen tushen amfanin gona yana iya yiwuwa ci gaban albarkatu da ingantaccen ci gaba.

Don samun matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa yayin haɓaka amfanin gona, yana da mahimmanci don kare tushen yanayin yanayin mafi kyawun yanayi gwargwadon iko. Karatu sun nuna cewa o₂Abun ciki a cikin tushen tsarin ƙasa 4mg / l zai sami mummunan tasiri akan haɓakar amfanin gona. Da o₂Abun ciki a cikin yanayin da yafi tasiri ta ban ruwa (adadin ban ruwa da mitar, substrate tsari, da kuma substrate ruwa, da kuma substrate na zazzabi zai zama daban. Algae da microorganisms kuma suna da wani dangantaka tare da abun ciki na oxygen a cikin tushen tushe na amfanin gona na hydroponic amfanin gona. Hypoxia ba wai kawai yana haifar da jinkirin ci gaban tsire-tsire ba, har ma yana haɓaka matsin lamba na cututtukan cututtukan cuta (Pythoum, phytophthhora, Fusarium) akan ci gaban tushen.

Tsarin ban ruwa yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan o₂Abun ciki a cikin substrate, kuma shi ne kuma mafi yawan hanyar sarrafawa a cikin dasa shuki. Wasu karatun dasa ya tashi sun gano cewa sannu a hankali kara abun ciki na ruwa a cikin substrate (da safe) na iya samun mafi kyawun jihar oxygen. A cikin substrate tare da low ruwa rike da damar oxygen, kuma a lokaci guda, ya zama dole don raba bambancin abun ciki tsakanin mita ban ban mamaki da tazara. A ƙasa da ruwa yana riƙe da ikon substrates, mafi girma bambanci tsakanin substrates. M m substrate, ƙananan mitar ban ruwa kuma mai tsayi da ci gaba da maye gurbin iska da kuma kyaututtukan oxygen oxygen.

Apperage na substrate wani abu ne wanda ke da babban tasiri akan sabuntawar kudi da kuma gunaguni na oxygen a cikin substrate, gwargwadon nau'in da ruwa yana riƙe da ikon substrate. A ruwa ban ruwa kada ya zauna a kasan substrate na tsayi da sauri, amma ya kamata a cire shi da sauri sosai cewa sabo ruwa mai ban mamaki zai iya kaiwa kasan substrate sake. Ana iya rinjayi saurin magudanar ruwa da yawa, kamar gradient na substrate a cikin kwatance na dogon lokaci. Mafi girma ga m, da sauri sauri. Daban-daban substrates suna da buɗewa daban-daban da yawan abubuwan da aka yi kuma sun sha bamban.

Ƙarshe

[Bayanin Bayani]

Xie Yuanpei. Sakamakon abun ciki na oxygen a cikin amfanin gona na greenhouse a kan tushen amfanin gona girma [j]. Fasahar injiniyan aikin gona, 2022,42 (31): 21-24.