Fasahar injiniyan aikin gona na aikin lambun da aka buga a birnin Beijing da ƙarfe 17:30 ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2023.

Shaye yawancin abubuwan gina jiki shine tsari mai alaƙa da alaƙa da ayyukan rayuwa na tushen shuka.Wadannan hanyoyin suna buƙatar makamashin da aka samar ta hanyar numfashin tushen sel, kuma shayarwar ruwa kuma ana daidaita shi ta hanyar zafin jiki da numfashi, kuma numfashi yana buƙatar shigar da iskar oxygen, don haka oxygen a cikin tushen tushen yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban al'ada na amfanin gona.Abubuwan da aka narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa suna shafar zafin jiki da salinity, kuma tsarin tsarin substrate yana ƙayyade abun cikin iska a cikin tushen tushen.Ban ruwa yana da babban bambance-bambance a cikin sabuntawa da kari na abun ciki na iskar oxygen a cikin ma'auni tare da jihohi daban-daban na ruwa.Akwai dalilai da yawa don haɓaka abun ciki na oxygen a cikin tushen tushen, amma tasirin tasirin kowane abu ya bambanta sosai.Tsayawa madaidaicin madaidaicin ikon riƙe ruwa (abincin iska) shine jigo na kiyaye babban abun ciki na iskar oxygen a cikin tushen tushen.

Tasirin zafin jiki da salinity akan cikakken abun ciki na oxygen a cikin bayani

Narkar da abun ciki na oxygen a cikin ruwa

Oxygen da aka narkar da shi yana narkar da shi cikin rashin dauri ko oxygen kyauta a cikin ruwa, kuma abin da ke cikin narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa zai kai iyakar a wani zafin jiki, wanda shine cikakken iskar oxygen.Cikakken iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa yana canzawa tare da zafin jiki, kuma lokacin da zafin jiki ya ƙaru, abun cikin iskar oxygen yana raguwa.Cikakken iskar oxygen na ruwa mai tsabta ya fi na ruwan teku mai gishiri (Hoto1), don haka cikakken iskar oxygen na mafita na gina jiki tare da taro daban-daban zai bambanta.

Transport na oxygen a cikin matrix

Oxygen da tushen amfanin gona na greenhouse zai iya samu daga maganin gina jiki dole ne ya kasance cikin yanayi kyauta, kuma ana jigilar iskar oxygen a cikin ƙasa ta iska da ruwa da ruwa a kusa da tushen.Lokacin da yake cikin ma'auni tare da abun ciki na oxygen a cikin iska a yanayin da aka ba da shi, iskar oxygen da aka narkar da shi a cikin ruwa ya kai matsakaicin, kuma canjin abun ciki na iskar oxygen a cikin iska zai haifar da canjin daidaitaccen abun ciki na oxygen a cikin ruwa.

Sakamakon damuwa na hypoxia a cikin tushen muhalli akan amfanin gona

Dalilin tushen hypoxia

Akwai dalilai da yawa da yasa haɗarin hypoxia a cikin hydroponics da tsarin noman ƙasa ya fi girma a lokacin rani.Da farko, cikakken iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa zai ragu yayin da zafin jiki ya tashi.Abu na biyu, iskar oxygen da ake buƙata don kula da ci gaban tushen yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwar zafin jiki.Bugu da ƙari kuma, yawan ƙwayar abinci mai gina jiki ya fi girma a lokacin rani, don haka buƙatar iskar oxygen don sha na gina jiki ya fi girma.Yana haifar da raguwar abun ciki na iskar oxygen a cikin yanayin tushen da rashin ingantaccen kari, wanda ke haifar da hypoxia a cikin yanayin tushen.

Sha da girma

Shaye yawancin abubuwan gina jiki masu mahimmanci ya dogara ne akan tsarin da ke da alaƙa da tushen metabolism, wanda ke buƙatar makamashin da ake samu ta hanyar numfashin tushen cell, wato, bazuwar samfurori na photoynthetic a gaban iskar oxygen.Nazarin ya nuna cewa 10% ~ 20% na jimlar assimilates na tsire-tsire na tumatir ana amfani da su a cikin tushen, 50% ana amfani da su don shayar da ion na gina jiki, 40% don girma kuma 10% kawai don kulawa.Tushen dole ne su sami iskar oxygen a cikin yanayin kai tsaye inda suke sakin CO₂.A karkashin yanayin anaerobic da ke haifar da rashin samun iska a cikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su da kuma hydroponics, hypoxia zai shafi shayar da ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki.Hypoxia yana da saurin amsawa ga ɗaukar kayan abinci mai aiki, wato nitrate (NO₃^-potassium (K) da phosphate (PO₄^3-), wanda zai tsoma baki tare da m sha na calcium (Ca) da magnesium (Mg).

Ci gaban tushen shuka yana buƙatar kuzari, aikin tushen al'ada yana buƙatar mafi ƙarancin iskar oxygen, kuma iskar oxygen da ke ƙasa da ƙimar COP ya zama abin da ke iyakance tushen ƙwayar cuta (hypoxia).Lokacin da matakin abun ciki na iskar oxygen ya yi ƙasa, ci gaban ya ragu ko ma yana tsayawa.Idan tushen tushen hypoxia kawai yana shafar rassan da ganye, tsarin tushen zai iya ramawa ga ɓangaren tushen tsarin da ba ya aiki saboda wasu dalilai ta hanyar ƙara haɓakar gida.

Tsarin rayuwa na shuka ya dogara da iskar oxygen a matsayin mai karɓar lantarki.Ba tare da iskar oxygen ba, samar da ATP zai daina.Idan ba tare da ATP ba, fitowar protons daga tushen zai tsaya, ruwan tantanin halitta na tushen sel zai zama acidic, kuma waɗannan ƙwayoyin za su mutu cikin ƴan sa'o'i.Hypoxia na ɗan lokaci da na ɗan gajeren lokaci ba zai haifar da damuwa mai gina jiki mara jurewa ba a cikin tsire-tsire.Saboda tsarin "numfashin nitrate", yana iya zama ɗan gajeren lokaci don jimre wa hypoxia a matsayin madadin hanyar a lokacin tushen hypoxia.Duk da haka, hypoxia na dogon lokaci zai haifar da jinkirin girma, rage yanki na ganye da rage nauyin sabo da bushe, wanda zai haifar da raguwa mai yawa a yawan amfanin gona.

Ethylene

Tsire-tsire za su samar da ethylene a wurin a cikin matsanancin damuwa.Yawancin lokaci, ana cire ethylene daga tushen ta hanyar watsawa cikin iska ta ƙasa.Lokacin da ruwa ya faru, samuwar ethylene ba kawai zai karu ba, amma kuma za a rage yawan yaduwar ruwa sosai saboda tushen yana kewaye da ruwa.Haɓaka ƙwayar ethylene zai haifar da samuwar nama mai iska a cikin tushen (Hoto 2).Ethylene kuma na iya haifar da senescence na ganye, kuma hulɗar da ke tsakanin ethylene da auxin zai ƙara samuwar tushen adventitious.

Damuwar iskar oxygen yana haifar da raguwar ci gaban ganye

Ana samar da ABA a cikin tushen da ganye don jure matsalolin muhalli daban-daban.A cikin yanayin tushen, amsawar al'ada ga damuwa shine rufewar stomatal, wanda ya haɗa da samuwar ABA.Kafin a rufe stomata, saman shuka yana rasa matsa lamba, saman ganyen ya bushe, kuma ingancin photosynthesis na iya raguwa.Yawancin karatu sun nuna cewa stomata yana amsawa ga karuwar ABA maida hankali a cikin apoplast ta hanyar rufewa, wato, jimlar ABA a cikin marasa ganye ta hanyar sakin ABA na ciki, tsire-tsire na iya ƙara yawan ƙwayar apoplast ABA da sauri.Lokacin da tsire-tsire ke ƙarƙashin matsalolin muhalli, sun fara sakin ABA a cikin sel, kuma ana iya watsa siginar sakin tushen a cikin mintuna maimakon sa'o'i.Haɓaka ABA a cikin nama na ganye na iya rage haɓakar bangon tantanin halitta kuma ya haifar da raguwar haɓakar ganye.Wani tasiri na hypoxia shine cewa an rage tsawon rayuwar ganye, wanda zai shafi dukkan ganye.Hypoxia yawanci yana haifar da raguwar cytokinin da jigilar nitrate.Rashin nitrogen ko cytokinin zai rage lokacin kiyaye yankin ganye kuma ya dakatar da ci gaban rassan da ganye a cikin 'yan kwanaki.

Inganta yanayin oxygen na tsarin tushen amfanin gona

Halayen substrate sune yanke hukunci don rarraba ruwa da oxygen.Matsakaicin iskar oxygen a cikin tushen yanayin kayan lambu na greenhouse yana da alaƙa da ikon riƙe ruwa na substrate, ban ruwa (girma da mita), tsarin substrate da zafin jiki na substrate.Sai kawai lokacin da abun ciki na oxygen a cikin yanayin tushen ya kasance aƙalla sama da 10% (4 ~ 5mg / L) za'a iya kiyaye aikin tushen a cikin mafi kyawun yanayi.

Tushen tsarin amfanin gona yana da matukar muhimmanci ga ci gaban shuka da kuma jure cututtuka.Za a sha ruwa da abinci mai gina jiki bisa ga bukatun tsirrai.Koyaya, matakin iskar oxygen a cikin yanayin tushen ya fi kayyade ingancin abubuwan gina jiki da ruwa da ingancin tsarin tushen.Matsayin isashshen iskar oxygen a cikin tsarin tushen tsarin zai iya tabbatar da lafiyar tsarin tushen, don haka tsire-tsire suna da mafi kyawun juriya ga ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta (Figure 3).Isasshen iskar oxygen a cikin ƙasa kuma yana rage haɗarin yanayin anaerobic, don haka rage haɗarin ƙwayoyin cuta.

Oxygen amfani a tushen muhalli

Matsakaicin amfani da iskar oxygen na amfanin gona zai iya zama sama da 40mg/m2/h (abinci ya dogara da amfanin gona).Dangane da zafin jiki, ruwan ban ruwa zai iya ƙunsar har zuwa 7 ~ 8mg / L na oxygen (Figure 4).Don isa 40 MG, dole ne a ba da 5L na ruwa kowace sa'a don biyan buƙatun iskar oxygen, amma a zahiri, adadin ban ruwa a cikin rana ɗaya bazai iya isa ba.Wannan yana nufin cewa iskar oxygen da aka samar ta hanyar ban ruwa yana taka rawa kaɗan kawai.Yawancin iskar oxygen ta isa yankin tushen ta hanyar pores a cikin matrix, kuma gudummawar iskar oxygen ta hanyar pores ya kai 90%, dangane da lokacin rana.Lokacin da evaporation na tsire-tsire ya kai matsakaicin, adadin ban ruwa kuma ya kai matsakaicin, wanda yayi daidai da 1 ~ 1.5L / m2 / h.Idan ruwan ban ruwa ya ƙunshi 7mg / L oxygen, zai samar da 7 ~ 11mg / m2 / h oxygen ga tushen yankin.Wannan yayi daidai da 17% ~ 25% na buƙatar.Tabbas, wannan ya shafi halin da ake ciki ne cewa an maye gurbin ruwan ban ruwa maras kyau na iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa mai ban sha'awa.

Baya ga amfani da tushen, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tushen muhalli kuma suna cinye iskar oxygen.Yana da wuya a iya ƙididdige hakan saboda ba a yi wani ma'auni ta wannan fanni ba.Tun da ana maye gurbin sababbin abubuwa a kowace shekara, ana iya ɗauka cewa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amfani da iskar oxygen.

Inganta yanayin zafin jiki na tushen

Yanayin yanayin muhalli na tushen tsarin yana da matukar muhimmanci ga ci gaban al'ada da aikin tsarin tushen, kuma yana da mahimmancin mahimmanci wanda ke shafar shayar da ruwa da kayan abinci ta hanyar tushen tsarin.

Ƙananan zafin jiki (zazzabi na tushen) na iya haifar da wahala a sha ruwa.A 5 ℃, da sha ne 70% ~ 80% kasa da a 20 ℃.Idan low substrate zafin jiki yana tare da babban zafin jiki, zai kai ga shuka wilting.Shawar ion a fili ya dogara da zafin jiki, wanda ke hana ion a cikin ƙananan zafin jiki, kuma hankalin abubuwan gina jiki daban-daban zuwa zafin jiki ya bambanta.

Maɗaukakin zafin jiki da yawa shima bashi da amfani, kuma yana iya haifar da babban tsarin tushen.A wasu kalmomi, akwai rarraba busassun busassun abubuwa marasa daidaituwa a cikin tsire-tsire.Saboda tsarin tushen ya yi girma, asarar da ba dole ba za ta faru ta hanyar numfashi, kuma wannan bangare na makamashin da aka rasa zai iya amfani da shi don girbi na shuka.A mafi girman zafin jiki, abin da ke narkar da iskar oxygen yana da ƙasa, wanda ke da tasiri mai yawa akan abun ciki na oxygen a cikin tushen yanayin fiye da oxygen cinyewa ta microorganisms.Tushen tsarin yana cinye iskar oxygen mai yawa, har ma yana haifar da hypoxia a cikin yanayin rashin talauci ko tsarin ƙasa, don haka rage sha na ruwa da ions.

Kula da madaidaicin ƙarfin riƙe ruwa na matrix.

Akwai mummunan dangantaka tsakanin abun ciki na ruwa da yawan abun ciki na oxygen a cikin matrix.Lokacin da abun cikin ruwa ya karu, abun ciki na oxygen yana raguwa, kuma akasin haka.Akwai kewayo mai mahimmanci tsakanin abun ciki na ruwa da oxygen a cikin matrix, wato, 80% ~ 85% abun ciki na ruwa (Hoto 5).Kulawa na dogon lokaci na abun ciki na ruwa sama da 85% a cikin ƙasa zai shafi wadatar iskar oxygen.Yawancin samar da iskar oxygen (75% ~ 90%) yana ta hanyar pores a cikin matrix.

Ƙarin ban ruwa ga abun ciki na oxygen a cikin substrate

Ƙarin hasken rana zai haifar da yawan amfani da iskar oxygen da rage yawan iskar oxygen a cikin tushen (Hoto na 6), kuma ƙarin sukari zai sa yawan iskar oxygen ya fi girma da dare.Transpiration yana da ƙarfi, shayar ruwa yana da girma, kuma akwai ƙarin iska da ƙarin iskar oxygen a cikin ƙasa.Ana iya gani daga hagu na Hoto na 7 cewa abun da ke cikin iskar oxygen a cikin substrate zai karu kadan bayan ban ruwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin cewa ikon riƙe ruwa na substrate yana da girma kuma abun cikin iska yana da ƙasa sosai.Kamar yadda aka nuna a hannun dama na fig.7, a ƙarƙashin yanayin in mun gwada da mafi kyawun haske, abun cikin iska a cikin ƙasa yana ƙaruwa saboda ƙarin sha ruwa (lokacin ban ruwa iri ɗaya).Tasirin dangi na ban ruwa akan abun da ke cikin iskar oxygen a cikin ƙasa ya fi ƙasa da ƙarfin riƙe ruwa (abincin iska) a cikin ƙasa.

Tattaunawa

A cikin ainihin samarwa, abubuwan da ke cikin iskar oxygen (iska) a cikin yanayin tushen amfanin gona yana da sauƙin yin watsi da su, amma yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da ci gaban al'ada na amfanin gona da ingantaccen ci gaban tushen.

Don samun matsakaicin yawan amfanin ƙasa a lokacin samar da amfanin gona, yana da matukar mahimmanci don kare yanayin tsarin tushen a cikin mafi kyawun yanayin da zai yiwu.Bincike ya nuna cewa O₂abun ciki a cikin tsarin tushen tsarin da ke ƙasa da 4mg/L zai yi mummunan tasiri a kan ci gaban amfanin gona.O₂abun ciki a cikin tushen yanayin da aka yafi rinjayi ban ruwa (yawan ban ruwa da mita), substrate tsarin, substrate ruwa abun ciki, greenhouse da substrate zafin jiki, da kuma daban-daban dasa alamu zai zama daban-daban.Algae da microorganisms kuma suna da wata alaƙa da abun ciki na oxygen a cikin tushen yanayin amfanin gona na hydroponic.Hypoxia ba wai kawai yana haifar da jinkirin ci gaban tsire-tsire ba, har ma yana ƙara matsa lamba na tushen ƙwayoyin cuta (pythium, phytophthora, fusarium) akan ci gaban tushen.

Dabarun ban ruwa yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan O₂abun ciki a cikin substrate, kuma shi ma hanya ce mai sauƙin sarrafawa a cikin tsarin shuka.Wasu nazarin shuka furanni sun gano cewa a hankali ƙara yawan ruwa a cikin substrate (da safe) na iya samun mafi kyawun yanayin oxygen.A cikin ma'auni tare da ƙananan ƙarfin riƙe ruwa, ƙwayar za ta iya kula da babban abun ciki na oxygen, kuma a lokaci guda, ya wajaba don kauce wa bambancin abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa tsakanin substrates ta hanyar mafi girma na ban ruwa da kuma gajeren lokaci.Ƙarƙashin ƙarfin riƙewar ruwa na kayan aiki, mafi girma bambanci tsakanin substrates.Danshi mai ɗanɗano, ƙananan mitar ban ruwa da tazara mai tsayi yana tabbatar da ƙarin sauyawar iska da yanayin iskar oxygen mai kyau.

Ruwan magudanar ruwa wani abu ne wanda ke da tasiri mai girma akan ƙimar sabuntawar da iskar oxygen a cikin ƙasa, dangane da nau'in da ƙarfin riƙewar ruwa.Ruwan ban ruwa bai kamata ya tsaya a ƙasan ma'auni na dogon lokaci ba, amma ya kamata a fitar da shi da sauri ta yadda ruwan ban ruwa mai wadataccen iskar oxygen ya sake isa ƙasan ma'aunin.Gudun magudanar ruwa na iya yin tasiri ta wasu matakai masu sauƙi, kamar girman magudanar ruwa a cikin kwatancen tsayi da faɗi.Mafi girman gradient, saurin magudanar ruwa.Daban-daban substrates da daban-daban budewa da kuma adadin kantuna ne daban-daban.

KARSHE

[bayanin bayani]

Xie Yuanpei.Tasirin abun ciki na oxygen a cikin tushen amfanin gona na greenhouse akan ci gaban amfanin gona [J].Fasahar Injiniyan Aikin Noma, 2022,42(31):21-24.