Mawallafi: Jing Zhao, Zengchan Zhou, Yunlong Bu, da dai sauransu. Kafofin watsa labarai na tushe: Fasahar Injiniyan Aikin Noma (noman noma)

Masana'antar shuka ta haɗu da masana'antar zamani, fasahar kere-kere, hydroponics na gina jiki da fasahar bayanai don aiwatar da ingantaccen sarrafa abubuwan muhalli a cikin wurin. An rufe shi gabaɗaya, yana da ƙarancin buƙatu akan yanayin da ke kewaye, yana rage lokacin girbi na shuka, yana adana ruwa da taki, kuma tare da fa'idodin samar da magungunan kashe qwari ba tare da zubar da sharar gida ba, ƙimar amfani da ƙasa shine sau 40 zuwa 108 na wancan. na bude filin samar. Daga cikin su, tushen hasken wucin gadi na fasaha da tsarin yanayin haskensa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ingancinsa.

A matsayin mahimmancin yanayin muhalli na zahiri, haske yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita haɓakar shuka da haɓakar kayan abu. "Daya daga cikin manyan siffofi na masana'antar shuka shine cikakken tushen hasken wucin gadi da kuma fahimtar ka'idojin fasaha na yanayin haske" ya zama babban yarjejeniya a cikin masana'antu.

Bukatar tsirrai don haske

Haske shine kawai tushen makamashi na shuka photosynthesis. Ƙarfin haske, ingancin haske (bakan) da canje-canje na lokaci-lokaci na haske suna da tasiri mai zurfi a kan girma da ci gaban amfanin gona, daga cikin abin da hasken haske ya fi tasiri akan photosynthesis shuka.

■ Ƙarfin haske

Ƙarfin haske na iya canza yanayin halittar amfanin gona, kamar furanni, tsayin internode, kauri mai tushe, da girman ganye da kauri. Abubuwan buƙatun tsire-tsire don ƙarfin haske za a iya raba su zuwa tsire-tsire masu son haske, matsakaici-ƙaunar haske, da ƙarancin haƙuri. Kayan lambu galibi tsire-tsire ne masu son haske, kuma wuraren biyan haskensu da madaidaicin haske suna da girma. A cikin masana'antun shuka masu haske na wucin gadi, abubuwan da suka dace na amfanin gona don tsananin haske sune mahimman tushe don zaɓar tushen hasken wucin gadi. Fahimtar buƙatun haske na tsire-tsire daban-daban yana da mahimmanci don tsara tushen hasken wucin gadi, Yana da matukar mahimmanci don haɓaka aikin samar da tsarin.

■ Ingancin haske

Rarraba ingancin haske (spectral) kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan photosynthesis shuka da morphogenesis (Hoto 1). Haske wani bangare ne na radiation, kuma radiation shine igiyar lantarki. Raƙuman wutar lantarki suna da halaye na raƙuman ruwa da halayen ƙima (barbashi). Adadin haske ana kiransa photon a filin noma. Radiation tare da kewayon zangon 300 ~ 800nm ​​ana kiransa radiation na physiologically aiki; kuma radiation tare da kewayon zangon 400 ~ 700nm ana kiransa photoynthetically activation radiation (PAR) na shuke-shuke.

Chlorophyll da carotene su ne mafi muhimmanci pigments a cikin shuka photosynthesis. Hoto na 2 yana nuna nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in launi na kowane launi na hoto, wanda chlorophyll absorption bakan ya tattara cikin ja da shuɗi. Tsarin haske ya dogara ne akan buƙatun kayan amfanin gona don haɓaka haske ta hanyar wucin gadi, don haɓaka photosynthesis na shuke-shuke.

■ photoperiod
Dangantaka tsakanin photosynthesis da photomorphogenesis na shuke-shuke da tsawon rana (ko lokacin daukar lokaci) ana kiransa photoperiodity na shuke-shuke. Yanayin hoto yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da sa'o'in haske, wanda ke nufin lokacin da amfanin gona ya haskaka ta hanyar haske. Shuka iri-iri na buƙatar takamaiman adadin sa'o'i na haske don kammala lokacin photoperiod don yin fure da ba da 'ya'ya. Bisa ga nau'o'in photoperiods daban-daban, ana iya raba shi zuwa amfanin gona na tsawon lokaci, irin su kabeji, da dai sauransu, wanda ke buƙatar fiye da sa'o'i na haske na 12-14h a wani mataki na girma; amfanin gona na ɗan gajeren rana, irin su albasa, waken soya, da dai sauransu, suna buƙatar ƙasa da sa'o'in haske na awanni 12-14; amfanin gona mai matsakaicin rana, irin su cucumbers, tumatur, barkono, da sauransu, na iya yin fure kuma su ba da 'ya'ya a ƙarƙashin hasken rana mai tsayi ko gajere.
Daga cikin abubuwa uku na muhalli, ƙarfin haske shine muhimmin tushe don zaɓar tushen hasken wucin gadi. A halin yanzu, akwai hanyoyi da yawa don bayyana ƙarfin haske, musamman ciki har da uku masu zuwa.
(1) Haskakawa yana nufin yawan ƙyalli na haske mai haske (mai haske a kowane yanki) da aka samu akan jirgin da aka haskaka, a cikin lux (lx).

(2) Radiation mai aiki da hoto, PAR, Unit: W/m².

(3) PPFD ko PPF shine adadin radiation mai inganci wanda ke kaiwa ko wucewa ta lokaci da yanki naúrar, naúrar: μmol/(m²·s) kai tsaye alaka da photosynthesis. Har ila yau, ita ce alamar ƙarfin haske da aka fi amfani da ita a fagen samar da shuka.

Binciken tushen haske na tsarin ƙarin haske
Ƙarin haske na wucin gadi shine ƙara ƙarfin haske a cikin yankin da aka yi niyya ko ƙara lokacin haske ta hanyar shigar da ƙarin tsarin haske don cika buƙatar haske na tsire-tsire. Gabaɗaya magana, ƙarin tsarin hasken ya haɗa da ƙarin kayan aikin haske, da'irori da tsarin sarrafa sa. Ƙarin hanyoyin haske sun haɗa da nau'ikan gama gari da yawa kamar fitilu masu ƙyalli, fitilun fitilu, fitilun halide na ƙarfe, fitilun sodium mai ƙarfi da LEDs. Saboda ƙarancin wutar lantarki da na gani na fitilu masu ƙyalƙyali, ƙarancin ingancin makamashi na photosynthetic da sauran gazawar, kasuwa ta kawar da shi, don haka wannan labarin ba ya yin cikakken bincike.

■ Fitilar mai walƙiya
Fitilar fitulun suna cikin nau'in fitulun fitar da iskar gas mai ƙarancin ƙarfi. Bututun gilashin yana cike da tururi na mercury ko iskar da ba ta dace ba, kuma bangon ciki na bututu yana lullube da foda mai kyalli. Launi mai haske ya bambanta tare da kayan kyalli mai rufi a cikin bututu. Fitilar fitilu suna da kyakkyawan aikin kallo, ingantaccen haske mai haske, ƙaramin ƙarfi, tsawon rai (12000h) idan aka kwatanta da fitilun fitilu, da ƙarancin farashi. Saboda fitilar mai kyalli da kanta tana fitar da ƙarancin zafi, yana iya zama kusa da tsire-tsire don haskakawa kuma ya dace da noma mai girma uku. Duk da haka, shimfidar yanayi na fitilun mai kyalli ba shi da ma'ana. Hanyar da aka fi sani da ita a duniya ita ce ƙara masu haskakawa don haɓaka ingantaccen abubuwan tushen haske na amfanin gona a yankin noma. Kamfanin adv-agri na Japan kuma ya haɓaka sabon nau'in ƙarin tushen haske HEFL. HEFL a zahiri na cikin nau'in fitulun kyalli. Ita ce jumla ta gaba ɗaya don fitilun cathode fluorescent fitilu (CCFL) da fitilun fitilu masu kyalli na waje (EEFL), kuma fitila ce mai haɗe-haɗe. Bututun HEFL yana da bakin ciki sosai, tare da diamita na kusan 4mm kawai, kuma ana iya daidaita tsayi daga 450mm zuwa 1200mm gwargwadon bukatun noma. Yana da ingantacciyar sigar fitilun kyalli na al'ada.

■ Metal halide fitila
Fitilar halide ta ƙarfe fitila ce mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi wacce za ta iya tayar da abubuwa daban-daban don samar da tsawon tsayi daban-daban ta hanyar ƙara halides na ƙarfe daban-daban (tin bromide, sodium iodide, da sauransu) a cikin bututun fitarwa bisa tushen fitilar mercury mai ƙarfi. Fitilar Halogen suna da ingantaccen haske, babban iko, kyakkyawan launi mai haske, tsawon rai, da babban bakan. Duk da haka, saboda ingancin haske ya yi ƙasa da na fitilun sodium mai ƙarfi, kuma tsawon rayuwarsa ya fi guntu fiye da na fitilun sodium mai ƙarfi, a halin yanzu ana amfani da shi kawai a wasu masana'antun shuka.

■ Fitilar sodium mai ƙarfi
Fitilar sodium mai ƙarfi na cikin nau'in fitulun fitar da iskar gas mai ƙarfi. Fitilar sodium mai matsa lamba fitila ce mai inganci wacce a cikinta ake cika tururin sodium mai ƙarfi a cikin bututun fitarwa, kuma ana ƙara ƙaramin adadin xenon (Xe) da mercury metal halide. Saboda babban matsi na sodium fitulun yana da high electro-Optical canji yadda ya dace tare da ƙananan farashin masana'antu, babban matsi na sodium fitilun a halin yanzu an fi amfani da su wajen aikace-aikacen ƙarin haske a wuraren aikin gona. Duk da haka, saboda gazawar ƙarancin ingancin ingancin photosynthesis a cikin bakan su, suna da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfin kuzari. A gefe guda kuma, abubuwan ban mamaki da fitilun sodium masu ƙarfi ke fitarwa sun fi mayar da hankali ne a cikin rukunin haske na rawaya-orange, wanda ba shi da bakan ja da shuɗi da ake buƙata don tsiro.

■ Haske mai fitarwa
A matsayin sabon ƙarni na tushen hasken haske, diodes masu fitar da haske (LEDs) suna da fa'idodi da yawa kamar ingantaccen jujjuyawar wutar lantarki, daidaitacce bakan, da ingantaccen ingancin hoto. LED na iya fitar da hasken monochromatic da ake buƙata don haɓaka shuka. Idan aka kwatanta da talakawa mai kyalli fitilu da sauran karin haske kafofin, LED yana da abũbuwan amfãni daga makamashi ceton, kare muhalli, tsawon rai, monochromatic haske, sanyi tushen haske da sauransu. Tare da ƙarin haɓakawa na ingantaccen lantarki-na gani na LEDs da rage farashin da ke haifar da tasirin sikelin, tsarin hasken wutar lantarki na LED zai zama kayan aiki na yau da kullun don ƙarin haske a wuraren aikin gona. A sakamakon haka, LED girma fitilu an yi amfani da 99.9% shuka masana'antu.

Ta hanyar kwatantawa, ana iya fahimtar halayen ƙarin hanyoyin haske daban-daban, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Tebu 1.

Na'urar hasken wayar hannu
Ƙarfin haske yana da alaƙa da haɓakar amfanin gona. Ana amfani da noman mai girma uku a masana'antar shuka. Koyaya, saboda ƙayyadaddun tsarin wuraren noma, rashin daidaituwa na rarraba haske da zafin jiki tsakanin rakuman zai shafi amfanin amfanin gona kuma ba za a daidaita lokacin girbi ba. Wani kamfani a birnin Beijing ya samu nasarar ƙera na'urar haɓaka hasken wuta da hannu (HPS lighting fixture and LED grow lighting fixture) a shekarar 2010. Ka'idar ita ce a jujjuya mashin ɗin tuƙi da na'urar da aka ɗora akan shi ta hanyar girgiza hannun don jujjuya ƙaramin fim ɗin. don cimma manufar janyewa da kwance igiyar waya. Ana haɗa igiyar waya ta hasken girma tare da jujjuyawar lif ta hanyar jujjuyawar ƙafafun ƙafafu masu yawa, don cimma tasirin daidaita tsayin hasken girma. A cikin 2017, kamfanin da aka ambata a sama ya tsara kuma ya ƙera sabuwar na'urar ƙarin hasken wayar hannu, wanda zai iya daidaita tsayin ƙarin haske ta atomatik a cikin ainihin lokaci bisa ga buƙatun haɓaka amfanin gona. Yanzu an shigar da na'urar daidaitawa akan nau'in ɗagawa mai nau'in haske mai nau'in nau'in girma uku. Babban Layer na na'urar shine matakin tare da mafi kyawun yanayin haske, don haka an sanye shi da fitilun sodium mai ƙarfi; tsakiyar Layer da kasa Layer sanye take da LED girma fitilu da kuma dagawa daidaita tsarin. Yana iya daidaita tsayin hasken girma ta atomatik don samar da yanayin haske mai dacewa don amfanin gona.

Idan aka kwatanta da na'urar ƙarin haske ta hannu wanda aka keɓance don noma mai girma uku, Netherlands ta ƙera na'urar hasken haske mai motsi mai motsi a kwance. Don guje wa tasirin inuwar hasken girma a kan ci gaban tsire-tsire a cikin rana, ana iya tura tsarin hasken girma zuwa ɓangarorin biyu na sashin ta hanyar faifan telescopic a cikin madaidaiciyar hanya, don haka rana ta cika cikakke. irradiated a kan shuke-shuke; a cikin ranakun gajimare da ruwan sama ba tare da hasken rana ba, Tura tsarin hasken girma zuwa tsakiyar sashin don sanya hasken tsarin hasken girma ya cika tsire-tsire; matsar da tsarin hasken girma a kwance ta hanyar zamewar da ke kan sashin, guje wa tarwatsawa akai-akai da kawar da tsarin hasken girma, da rage ƙarfin aiki na ma'aikata, don haka inganta ingantaccen aiki yadda ya kamata.

Zane ra'ayoyin na hankula girma haske tsarin
Ba shi da wahala a iya gani daga ƙirar ƙarin na'urar hasken wayar hannu cewa ƙirar ƙarin tsarin hasken wutar lantarki na masana'antar shuka yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙarfin haske, ingancin haske da sigogi na lokacin girma na amfanin gona daban-daban a matsayin ainihin abun ciki na ƙira. , dogara ga tsarin sarrafawa mai hankali don aiwatarwa, cimma burin burin ceton makamashi da yawan amfanin ƙasa.

A halin yanzu, ƙira da gina ƙarin haske don kayan lambu masu ganye sun girma a hankali. Misali, ana iya raba kayan lambu masu ganye zuwa matakai hudu: matakin seedling, tsakiyar girma, ƙarshen girma, da matakin ƙarshe; Ana iya raba 'ya'yan itace-kayan lambu zuwa matakin seedling, matakin girma na ciyayi, lokacin fure, da lokacin girbi. Daga halayen ƙarin ƙarfin haske, ƙarfin haske a cikin matakin seedling yakamata ya zama ƙasa kaɗan, a 60 ~ 200 μmol / (m²·s), sannan a hankali ya ƙaru. Kayan lambu mai ganye na iya kaiwa zuwa 100 ~ 200 μmol / (m²·s), kuma kayan lambu na 'ya'yan itace na iya kaiwa 300 ~ 500 μmol / (m² · s) don tabbatar da tsananin haske na buƙatun shuka photosynthesis a kowane lokacin girma kuma ya cika bukatun yawan amfanin ƙasa; Dangane da ingancin haske, rabon ja zuwa shuɗi yana da mahimmanci. Don haɓaka ingancin tsire-tsire da hana haɓakar wuce gona da iri a cikin matakin seedling, ana saita rabon ja zuwa shuɗi gabaɗaya a ƙaramin matakin [(1 ~ 2): 1], sannan a hankali a rage don biyan bukatun shuka. haske ilimin halittar jiki. Ana iya saita rabon ja zuwa shuɗi zuwa kayan lambu masu ganye zuwa (3 ~ 6): 1. Don lokacin daukar hoto, kama da hasken haske, ya kamata ya nuna yanayin haɓaka tare da haɓaka lokacin girma, don haka kayan lambu masu ganye suna da ƙarin lokacin photosynthesis don photosynthesis. Ƙararren ƙarin haske na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari zai zama mafi rikitarwa. Baya ga ka'idodin asali da aka ambata a sama, ya kamata mu mai da hankali kan yanayin yanayin lokacin fure a lokacin furanni, kuma dole ne a haɓaka furewa da 'ya'yan itacen kayan marmari, don kada a koma baya.

Ya kamata a ambata cewa tsarin hasken ya kamata ya haɗa da ƙarshen jiyya don saitunan yanayin haske. Misali, ci gaba da haɓaka haske na iya haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa da ingancin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na hydroponic, ko amfani da maganin UV don inganta haɓakar tsiro da kayan lambu mai mahimmanci (musamman ganyen shuɗi da leaf ja) ingancin abinci mai gina jiki.

Baya ga inganta ƙarin haske don zaɓin amfanin gona, tsarin sarrafa tushen hasken wasu masana'antar shuka hasken wucin gadi ya kuma haɓaka cikin sauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wannan tsarin sarrafawa gabaɗaya yana dogara ne akan tsarin B/S. Ikon nesa da sarrafawa ta atomatik na abubuwan muhalli kamar zafin jiki, zafi, haske, da kuma CO2 maida hankali yayin girma na amfanin gona ana samun su ta hanyar WIFI, kuma a lokaci guda, hanyar samar da ba ta iyakance ta yanayin waje ba. Irin wannan tsarin ƙarin haske mai hankali yana amfani da hasken wutar lantarki na LED azaman ƙarin tushen haske, haɗe tare da tsarin kulawa mai nisa, na iya biyan buƙatun hasken hasken shuka, ya dace musamman don yanayin noman shuka mai sarrafa haske, kuma yana iya cika buƙatun kasuwa. .

Bayanin ƙarshe
Ana ɗaukar masana'antar shuka a matsayin muhimmiyar hanya don magance albarkatun duniya, yawan jama'a da matsalolin muhalli a cikin karni na 21, kuma muhimmiyar hanya ce ta cimma wadatar abinci a cikin ayyukan fasaha na zamani na gaba. A matsayin sabon nau'in hanyar samar da noma, masana'antar shuka har yanzu suna cikin matakin koyo da haɓaka, kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin kulawa da bincike. Wannan labarin yana bayyana halaye da fa'idodin hanyoyin ƙarin haske na gama gari a masana'antar shuka, kuma yana gabatar da ra'ayoyin ƙira na tsarin ƙarin hasken amfanin gona na yau da kullun. Ba shi da wuya a samu ta hanyar kwatantawa, don jimre wa ƙananan hasken da ya haifar da yanayi mai tsanani kamar ci gaba da hadari da hazo da kuma tabbatar da samar da girma da kwanciyar hankali na kayan amfanin gona, LED Shuka kayan aikin hasken wuta ya fi dacewa da ci gaba na yanzu. trends.

Jagoran ci gaban gaba na masana'antar shuka yakamata ya mai da hankali kan sabbin madaidaicin madaidaici, na'urori masu rahusa, masu iya sarrafawa daga nesa, tsarin na'urorin hasken bakan daidaitacce da tsarin sarrafa masana. A lokaci guda kuma, masana'antun shuka na gaba za su ci gaba da haɓaka zuwa ƙananan farashi, masu hankali, da daidaitawa. Amfani da yaɗawar tushen hasken hasken LED yana ba da garanti don ingantaccen sarrafa muhalli na masana'antar shuka. Ka'idar muhallin hasken LED wani tsari ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya ƙunshi cikakkiyar ƙa'ida na ingancin haske, ƙarfin haske, da lokacin daukar hoto. Kwararru da malamai masu dacewa suna buƙatar gudanar da bincike mai zurfi, haɓaka ƙarin hasken LED a masana'antar shuka hasken wucin gadi.