Mawallafi: Jing Zhao，Zengchan Zhou，Yunlong Bu, da sauransu. Madogara Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai: Fasahar Injiniyan Noma (noman lambun kore)

Masana'antar masana'antar ta haɗa masana'antu na zamani, fasahar kere-kere, na'urorin samar da sinadarai masu gina jiki da fasahar bayanai don aiwatar da ingantaccen iko kan abubuwan da ke shafar muhalli a cikin cibiyar. An rufe ta gaba ɗaya, tana da ƙarancin buƙatun muhalli a kewaye, tana rage lokacin girbin shuke-shuke, tana adana ruwa da taki, kuma tare da fa'idodin samar da magungunan kashe kwari ba tare da fitar da shara ba, ingancin amfani da filaye ya ninka sau 40 zuwa 108 na samar da fili a buɗe. Daga cikinsu, tushen hasken wucin gadi mai wayo da kuma tsarin muhallin haskensa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta samar da ita.

A matsayin wani muhimmin abu na muhalli na zahiri, haske yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita girma da kuma yadda ake sarrafa sinadarai. "Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke cikin masana'antar shuka shine cikakken tushen hasken wucin gadi da kuma aiwatar da tsarin kula da muhalli mai hankali" ya zama yarjejeniya gabaɗaya a masana'antar.

Bukatar haske ga tsirrai

Haske shine kawai tushen kuzarin photosynthesis na shuka. Ƙarfin haske, ingancin haske (bakan gizo) da canje-canjen haske lokaci-lokaci suna da tasiri mai zurfi akan girma da haɓaka amfanin gona, wanda daga cikinsu ƙarfin haske yana da babban tasiri akan photosynthesis na shuka.

■ Ƙarfin haske

Ƙarfin haske na iya canza yanayin amfanin gona, kamar fure, tsawon internode, kauri na tushe, da girman ganye da kauri. Ana iya raba buƙatun tsire-tsire don ƙarfin haske zuwa tsire-tsire masu son haske, masu son matsakaici-masu son haske, da kuma waɗanda ba sa jure wa haske. Kayan lambu galibi tsire-tsire ne masu son haske, kuma wuraren biyan haskensu da wuraren cika hasken suna da yawa. A masana'antun tsire-tsire masu hasken wucin gadi, buƙatun amfanin gona don ƙarfin haske muhimmin tushe ne na zaɓar hanyoyin hasken wucin gadi. Fahimtar buƙatun haske na tsire-tsire daban-daban yana da mahimmanci don tsara hanyoyin hasken wucin gadi, Yana da matuƙar mahimmanci a inganta aikin samarwa na tsarin.

■ Ingancin haske

Rarraba ingancin haske (spectral) yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan photosynthesis na shuka da morphogenesis (Hoto na 1). Haske wani ɓangare ne na radiation, kuma radiation wani raƙuman lantarki ne. Raƙuman lantarki suna da halayen raƙuman ruwa da halayen kwantum (barbashi). Ana kiran kumfar haske da photon a fagen noman lambu. Raƙuman haske mai tsawon tsayin ...

Chlorophyll da carotenes su ne manyan launuka guda biyu a cikin photosynthesis na shuka. Hoto na 2 yana nuna bakan sha na spectral na kowane launin photosynthetic, inda aka tattara bakan sha na chlorophyll a cikin ja da shuɗi. Tsarin hasken ya dogara ne akan buƙatun bakan na amfanin gona don ƙara haske ta hanyar wucin gadi, don haɓaka photosynthesis na tsirrai.

■ lokacin daukar hoto
Alaƙar da ke tsakanin photosynthesis da photomorphogenesis na tsirrai da tsawon yini (ko lokacin photoperiod) ana kiranta photoperiodity na tsirrai. Photoperiodity yana da alaƙa da sa'o'in haske, wanda ke nufin lokacin da haske ke haskaka amfanin gona. Shuke-shuke daban-daban suna buƙatar takamaiman adadin sa'o'i na haske don kammala photoperiod don yin fure da kuma ba da 'ya'ya. Dangane da nau'ikan photoperiod daban-daban, ana iya raba shi zuwa amfanin gona na tsawon yini, kamar kabeji, da sauransu, waɗanda ke buƙatar fiye da sa'o'i 12-14 na haske a wani mataki na girmansa; amfanin gona na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kamar albasa, waken soya, da sauransu, suna buƙatar ƙasa da sa'o'i 12-14 na haske; amfanin gona na matsakaicin rana, kamar kokwamba, tumatir, barkono, da sauransu, na iya yin fure da kuma ba da 'ya'ya a ƙarƙashin hasken rana mai tsawo ko gajere.
Daga cikin abubuwa uku na muhalli, ƙarfin haske muhimmin tushe ne na zaɓar hanyoyin samar da haske na wucin gadi. A halin yanzu, akwai hanyoyi da yawa na bayyana ƙarfin haske, galibi sun haɗa da waɗannan ukun.
(1) Haske yana nufin yawan saman kwararar haske (zubar haske a kowane yanki) da aka karɓa akan jirgin da aka haskaka, a cikin lux (lx).

(2) Hasken da ke aiki da hasken rana, PAR, Naúrar: W/m².

(3) Yawan kwararar hasken photon mai inganci ta hanyar photosynthetic PPFD ko PPF shine adadin hasken photosynthetic mai tasiri wanda ke kaiwa ko wucewa ta cikin lokaci na naúrar da yankin naúrar, naúrar: μmol/(m²·s)". Galibi yana nufin ƙarfin haske na 400 ~ 700nm wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da photosynthesis. Hakanan shine alamar ƙarfin haske da aka fi amfani da ita a fannin samar da tsirrai.

Binciken tushen haske na tsarin ƙarin haske na yau da kullun
Karin hasken wucin gadi shine ƙara ƙarfin haske a yankin da ake so ko kuma tsawaita lokacin haske ta hanyar shigar da tsarin hasken ƙarin don biyan buƙatun hasken shuke-shuke. Gabaɗaya, tsarin hasken ƙarin ya haɗa da kayan aikin haske na ƙarin haske, da'irori da tsarin sarrafawa. Tushen hasken ƙarin sun haɗa da nau'ikan haske da yawa kamar fitilun incandescent, fitilun fluorescent, fitilun halide na ƙarfe, fitilun sodium masu matsin lamba da LEDs. Saboda ƙarancin ingancin wutar lantarki da na gani na fitilun incandescent, ƙarancin ingancin makamashin photosynthetic da sauran gazawa, kasuwa ta kawar da shi, don haka wannan labarin bai yi cikakken bincike ba.

■ Fitilar haske
Fitilun mai haske suna cikin nau'in fitilun fitar da iskar gas mai ƙarancin ƙarfi. Bututun gilashin yana cike da tururin mercury ko iskar gas mara aiki, kuma bangon ciki na bututun an shafa shi da foda mai haske. Launin haske ya bambanta da kayan mai haske da aka lulluɓe a cikin bututun. Fitilun mai haske suna da kyakkyawan aiki na gani, ingantaccen haske, ƙarancin ƙarfi, tsawon rai (12000h) idan aka kwatanta da fitilun da ke haifar da haske, da ƙarancin farashi. Saboda fitilar mai haske da kanta ba ta fitar da zafi sosai, tana iya kasancewa kusa da tsire-tsire don haske kuma ta dace da noma mai girma uku. Duk da haka, tsarin hasken fitilar mai haske ba shi da ma'ana. Hanya mafi yawan jama'a a duniya ita ce ƙara masu haske don haɓaka ingantattun abubuwan tushen haske na amfanin gona a yankin noma. Kamfanin adv-agri na Japan ya kuma ƙirƙiro sabon nau'in tushen haske na HEFL. HEFL a zahiri yana cikin rukunin fitilun mai haske. Kalma ce ta gabaɗaya don fitilun mai haske na cathode mai sanyi (CCFL) da fitilun mai haske na lantarki na waje (EEFL), kuma fitilar mai haske ce mai gauraya ta lantarki. Bututun HEFL siriri ne sosai, diamitarsa ​​ta kai kusan mm 4 kawai, kuma ana iya daidaita tsawonsa daga mm 450 zuwa 1200mm gwargwadon buƙatun noma. Fitilar fluorescent ce da aka inganta ta gargajiya.

■ Fitilar halide ta ƙarfe
Fitilar halide ta ƙarfe fitila ce mai ƙarfi wadda za ta iya motsa abubuwa daban-daban don samar da tsayin tsayi daban-daban ta hanyar ƙara halide na ƙarfe daban-daban (tin bromide, sodium iodide, da sauransu) a cikin bututun fitarwa bisa ga fitilar mercury mai ƙarfi. Fitilolin halogen suna da inganci mai ƙarfi, ƙarfi mai yawa, launi mai kyau na haske, tsawon rai, da kuma babban bakan. Duk da haka, saboda ingancin haske ya yi ƙasa da na fitilun sodium masu ƙarfi, kuma tsawon rai ya yi guntu fiye da na fitilun sodium masu ƙarfi, a halin yanzu ana amfani da shi ne kawai a wasu masana'antun masana'antu.

■ Fitilar sodium mai ƙarfi
Fitilun sodium masu ƙarfi suna cikin nau'in fitilun fitar da iskar gas mai ƙarfi. Fitilun sodium mai ƙarfi fitilun ne mai inganci wanda ake cika tururin sodium mai ƙarfi a cikin bututun fitarwa, kuma ana ƙara ƙaramin adadin xenon (Xe) da halide na ƙarfe na mercury. Saboda fitilun sodium masu ƙarfi suna da ingantaccen canjin lantarki mai ƙarfi tare da ƙarancin farashin masana'antu, fitilun sodium masu ƙarfi a halin yanzu sune aka fi amfani da su wajen amfani da ƙarin haske a wuraren noma. Duk da haka, saboda ƙarancin ingancin photosynthesis a cikin bakan su, suna da ƙarancin ƙarancin amfani da makamashi. A gefe guda kuma, abubuwan da ke cikin bakan da fitilun sodium masu ƙarfi ke fitarwa galibi suna cikin bakan haske mai rawaya-orange, wanda ba shi da ja da shuɗi da ke buƙata don haɓakar shuke-shuke.

■ Diode mai fitar da haske
A matsayin sabon ƙarni na tushen haske, diodes masu fitar da haske (LEDs) suna da fa'idodi da yawa kamar ingantaccen canjin lantarki, daidaitaccen bakan, da ingantaccen photosynthesis. LED na iya fitar da hasken monochromatic da ake buƙata don haɓakar shuke-shuke. Idan aka kwatanta da fitilun fluorescent na yau da kullun da sauran hanyoyin ƙarin haske, LED yana da fa'idodin tanadin makamashi, kariyar muhalli, tsawon rai, hasken monochromatic, tushen haske mai sanyi da sauransu. Tare da ƙarin haɓakawa na ingancin lantarki na LEDs da rage farashi da tasirin sikelin ya haifar, tsarin hasken LED zai zama babban kayan aiki don ƙara haske a wuraren noma. Sakamakon haka, an yi amfani da fitilun LED sama da masana'antun shuke-shuke 99.9%.

Ta hanyar kwatantawa, ana iya fahimtar halayen hanyoyin ƙarin haske daban-daban a sarari, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Jadawali na 1.

Na'urar hasken wayar hannu
Ƙarfin haske yana da alaƙa da girman amfanin gona. Ana amfani da noman girma uku a masana'antun shuka. Duk da haka, saboda ƙarancin tsarin rumfunan noma, rashin daidaiton rarraba haske da zafin jiki tsakanin rumfunan zai shafi yawan amfanin gona kuma lokacin girbi ba zai daidaita ba. Wani kamfani a Beijing ya yi nasarar ƙirƙiro na'urar ƙarin hasken ɗagawa da hannu (na'urar samar da hasken HPS da na'urar samar da hasken girma ta LED) a cikin 2010. Ka'idar ita ce a juya shaft ɗin tuƙi da na'urar juyawa da aka sanya a kai ta hanyar girgiza hannun don juya ƙaramin faifai na fim don cimma manufar janyewa da kwance igiyar waya. Igiyar waya ta hasken girma tana da alaƙa da ƙafafun juyawa na lif ta hanyar saitin ƙafafun juyawa da yawa, don cimma tasirin daidaita tsayin hasken girma. A cikin 2017, kamfanin da aka ambata a sama ya tsara kuma ya ƙera sabuwar na'urar ƙarin haske ta hannu, wacce za ta iya daidaita tsayin ƙarin haske ta atomatik a ainihin lokacin bisa ga buƙatun girmar amfanin gona. Yanzu an sanya na'urar daidaitawa akan rumfunan girma uku na tushen haske mai matakai uku. Babban layin na'urar shine matakin da ya fi dacewa da yanayin haske, don haka an sanye shi da fitilun sodium masu ƙarfi; layin tsakiya da na ƙasa suna da fitilun girma na LED da tsarin daidaita ɗagawa. Yana iya daidaita tsayin hasken girma ta atomatik don samar da yanayin haske mai dacewa ga amfanin gona.

Idan aka kwatanta da na'urar ƙarin haske ta hannu wadda aka tsara don noma mai girma uku, Netherlands ta ƙirƙiro na'urar ƙarin haske ta LED mai motsi a kwance. Domin guje wa tasirin inuwar hasken shuka akan girman shuke-shuke a rana, ana iya tura tsarin hasken shuka zuwa ɓangarorin biyu na maƙallin ta hanyar zamewar telescopic a kwance, ta yadda rana za ta haskaka shuke-shuke gaba ɗaya; a ranakun gajimare da ruwan sama ba tare da hasken rana ba, tura tsarin hasken shuka zuwa tsakiyar maƙallin don sa hasken tsarin hasken shuka ya cika shuke-shuke daidai; motsa tsarin hasken shuka a kwance ta hanyar zamewar da ke kan maƙallin, guje wa wargajewa akai-akai da cire tsarin hasken shuka, da rage ƙarfin aiki na ma'aikata, don haka inganta ingantaccen aiki yadda ya kamata.

Ra'ayoyin ƙira na tsarin hasken girma na yau da kullun
Ba abu ne mai wahala a fahimta daga ƙirar na'urar ƙarin hasken wayar hannu cewa ƙirar tsarin ƙarin hasken wutar lantarki na masana'antar shuka yawanci tana ɗaukar ƙarfin haske, ingancin haske da sigogin lokacin hasken rana na lokutan girma amfanin gona daban-daban a matsayin babban abun ciki na ƙirar, tana dogaro da tsarin sarrafawa mai wayo don aiwatarwa, cimma burin ƙarshe na adana makamashi da yawan amfanin ƙasa.

A halin yanzu, ƙira da gina ƙarin haske ga kayan lambu masu ganye ya fara girma a hankali. Misali, ana iya raba kayan lambu masu ganye zuwa matakai huɗu: matakin shuka, tsakiyar girma, ƙarshen girma, da matakin ƙarshe; ana iya raba kayan lambu zuwa matakin shuka, matakin tsiro, matakin fure, da matakin girbi. Daga halayen ƙarin haske, ƙarfin haske a matakin shuka ya kamata ya ɗan yi ƙasa kaɗan, a 60 ~ 200 μmol/(m²·s), sannan a hankali ya ƙaru. Kayan lambu masu ganye na iya kaiwa har zuwa 100 ~ 200 μmol/(m²·s), kuma kayan lambu na iya kaiwa 300 ~ 500 μmol/(m²·s) don tabbatar da buƙatun ƙarfin haske na photosynthesis na shuka a kowane lokacin girma da kuma biyan buƙatun yawan amfanin ƙasa; Dangane da ingancin haske, rabon ja zuwa shuɗi yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. Domin ƙara ingancin shuka da kuma hana girma mai yawa a matakin shuka, rabon ja zuwa shuɗi gabaɗaya ana saita shi a matakin ƙasa [(1~2):1], sannan a rage shi a hankali don biyan buƙatun yanayin hasken shuka. Ana iya saita rabon ja zuwa shuɗi zuwa kayan lambu masu ganye zuwa (3~6):1. Don lokacin shuka, kamar ƙarfin haske, ya kamata ya nuna yanayin ƙaruwa tare da tsawaita lokacin girma, don haka kayan lambu masu ganye suna da ƙarin lokacin photosynthesis don photosynthesis. Tsarin ƙarin haske na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu zai fi rikitarwa. Baya ga dokokin asali da aka ambata a sama, ya kamata mu mai da hankali kan saita lokacin fure a lokacin fure, kuma dole ne a haɓaka fure da 'ya'yan itatuwa na kayan lambu, don kada su koma baya.

Ya kamata a ambata cewa tsarin hasken ya kamata ya haɗa da maganin ƙarshe don yanayin yanayi mai haske. Misali, ƙarin haske akai-akai na iya inganta yawan amfanin gona da ingancin tsirrai masu ganyen hydroponic, ko amfani da maganin UV don inganta ingancin abinci mai gina jiki sosai ga tsirrai da kayan lambu masu ganye (musamman ganyen shunayya da latas ja).

Baya ga inganta ƙarin haske ga amfanin gona da aka zaɓa, tsarin kula da tushen haske na wasu masana'antun samar da hasken wucin gadi ya kuma bunƙasa cikin sauri a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wannan tsarin sarrafawa gabaɗaya ya dogara ne akan tsarin B/S. Kulawa daga nesa da sarrafa abubuwan muhalli ta atomatik kamar zafin jiki, danshi, haske, da yawan CO2 yayin haɓakar amfanin gona ana samun su ta hanyar WIFI, kuma a lokaci guda, ana samun hanyar samarwa wacce ba ta takaita ta yanayin waje ba. Wannan nau'in tsarin haske mai wayo yana amfani da na'urar hasken LED a matsayin tushen haske na ƙarin, tare da tsarin kula da hankali na nesa, zai iya biyan buƙatun hasken tsawon tsayi na shuka, ya dace musamman ga yanayin noman shuke-shuke masu sarrafa haske, kuma yana iya biyan buƙatun kasuwa.

Jawabin ƙarshe
Ana ɗaukar masana'antun shuka a matsayin muhimmiyar hanya don magance matsalolin albarkatun duniya, yawan jama'a da muhalli a ƙarni na 21, kuma muhimmiyar hanya ce ta cimma wadatar abinci a ayyukan fasaha na gaba. A matsayin sabuwar hanyar samar da noma, masana'antun shuka har yanzu suna cikin matakin koyo da haɓaka, kuma ana buƙatar ƙarin kulawa da bincike. Wannan labarin ya bayyana halaye da fa'idodin hanyoyin haske na ƙarin amfani a masana'antun shuka, kuma ya gabatar da ra'ayoyin ƙira na tsarin hasken amfanin gona na yau da kullun. Ba abu ne mai wahala a samu ta hanyar kwatantawa ba, don magance ƙarancin haske da yanayi mai tsanani kamar girgije da hazo ke haifarwa da kuma tabbatar da samar da amfanin gona mai yawa da kwanciyar hankali, kayan aikin tushen hasken LED Grow sun fi dacewa da yanayin ci gaba na yanzu.

Alkiblar ci gaban masana'antun masana'antu a nan gaba ya kamata ta mayar da hankali kan sabbin na'urori masu auna haske masu inganci, masu araha, tsarin na'urorin hasken da za a iya sarrafawa daga nesa, da kuma tsarin kula da ƙwararru. A lokaci guda, masana'antun masana'antu na gaba za su ci gaba da haɓaka zuwa ga masu araha, masu wayo, da kuma masu daidaitawa da kansu. Amfani da kuma yaɗa tushen hasken LED yana ba da garantin kula da muhalli mai inganci na masana'antun masana'antu. Tsarin muhallin hasken LED tsari ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya ƙunshi cikakken tsari na ingancin haske, ƙarfin haske, da kuma lokacin daukar hoto. Masana da masana da suka dace suna buƙatar gudanar da bincike mai zurfi, suna haɓaka ƙarin hasken LED a masana'antun masana'antar hasken wucin gadi.